Ocean Acidification Impacts on Sea-Surface Biology, Biogeochemistry and Climate

海洋酸化对海表生物学、生物地球化学和气候的影响

• 批准号: NE/H017097/1
• 负责人: Richard Sanders
• 金额: $ 79.16万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH017097%2F1
• 关键词: Ocean; Acidification; Impacts; Sea; Surface

The burning of fossil fuels is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere. Much of this stays in the atmosphere, raising CO2 levels, but much also leaves the atmosphere after a time, either to become sequestered in trees and plants, or else to become absorbed in the oceans. CO2 staying in the atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; CO2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where time-series data are collected. The changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. What is much less well known is the impact that the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and on how the sea interacts with the atmosphere to influence climate. We will look to investigate these questions in terms of how the surface waters of the world's oceans, and the life within, will respond to ocean acidification. Most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the current concern about the impact on marine life, comes from experimental studies in which individual organisms (e.g. single corals) or mono-specific populations (e.g. plankton cultures) have been subjected to elevated CO2 (and the associated lower pH) in laboratory experiments. These laboratory experiments have the advantage of being performed under controlled conditions in which everything can be kept constant except for changes to CO2. So if a response is observed, then the cause is clear. However, there are also limitations to laboratory studies. For instance, organisms have no time to adapt evolutionarily, and there is no possibility of shifts in species composition away from more sensitive forms towards more acid-tolerant forms, as might be expected to occur in nature. Another shortcoming is the absence of food-web complexity in most experiments, and therefore the absence of competition, predation, and other interactions that determine the viability of organisms in the natural environment. We seek to advance the study of ocean acidification by collecting more observations of naturally-occurring ecosystems in places where the chemistry of seawater is naturally more acidic, and/or where it naturally holds more carbon,as well as locations which are not so acidic, and/or hold more usual amounts of carbon. By contrasting the two sets of observations, we will gain an improved understanding of how acidification affects organisms living in their natural environment, after assemblage reassortments and evolutionary adaptation have had time to play out. Most of the planned work will be carried out on 3 cruises to places with strong gradients in seawater carbon and pH: to the Arctic Ocean, around the British Isles, and to the Southern Ocean. As well a making observations we will also conduct a large number of experiments, in which we will bring volumes of natural seawater from the ocean surface into containers on the deck of the ship, together with whatever life is contained within, and there subject them to higher CO2 and other stressors. We will monitor the changes that take place to these natural plankton communities (including to biogeochemical and climate-related processes) as the seawater is made more acidic. A major strength of such studies is the inclusion of natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture in laboratory experiments. Thus, the responses measured during these experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future response of the surface ocean to ocean acidification. In order to carry out this experimental/observational work programme we have assembled a strong UK-wide team with an extensive track record of successfully carrying out sea-going scientificresearch projects of this type.

化石燃料的燃烧正在向地球大气层释放大量额外的二氧化碳。其中大部分留在大气中，提高了二氧化碳水平，但也有很多在一段时间后离开大气，要么被树木和植物隔离，要么被海洋吸收。留在大气中的CO2是一种温室气体，导致全球变暖;进入海洋的CO2使海水变得更加酸性，在收集时间序列数据的各个地点的观测记录中可以看到海水正在酸化。由于海洋酸化而引起的海水化学变化大多已被充分理解，没有争议。鲜为人知的是，化学变化将对海洋生物和生态系统、海洋生物地球化学循环以及海洋如何与大气相互作用以影响气候产生影响。我们将从世界海洋表面沃茨和海洋中的生命将如何应对海洋酸化的角度来研究这些问题。我们对生物影响的了解，以及目前对海洋生物影响的关切，大部分来自实验研究，在这些研究中，在实验室实验中，个别生物体（如单一珊瑚）或单一特定种群（如浮游生物培养物）受到二氧化碳浓度升高（以及相关的pH值降低）的影响。这些实验室实验的优点是在受控条件下进行，除了CO2的变化之外，一切都可以保持不变。所以如果观察到反应，那么原因就很清楚了。然而，实验室研究也有局限性。例如，生物体没有时间进行进化适应，物种组成也不可能像自然界中预期的那样，从更敏感的形式向更耐酸的形式转变。另一个缺点是在大多数实验中缺乏食物网的复杂性，因此缺乏竞争，捕食和其他决定生物在自然环境中生存能力的相互作用。我们寻求通过收集更多的观察自然发生的生态系统的地方，海水的化学性质是天然酸性更强，和/或它自然地持有更多的碳，以及位置不是那么酸，和/或持有更多的碳量来推进海洋酸化的研究。通过对比这两组观察结果，我们将更好地了解酸化如何影响生活在自然环境中的生物体，在组合恢复和进化适应有时间发挥作用之后。计划中的大部分工作将在3次巡航中进行，这些巡航将前往海水碳和pH值梯度很大的地方：北冰洋，不列颠群岛周围和南大洋。除了观察之外，我们还将进行大量的实验，在这些实验中，我们将把大量的天然海水从海洋表面带到船甲板上的容器中，以及其中包含的任何生命，并使它们受到更高的二氧化碳和其他压力。我们会监察这些天然浮游生物群落随海水酸性增加而发生的变化（包括生物地球化学和气候相关过程）。这种研究的一个主要优点是纳入了在实验室实验中难以或不可能掌握的自然环境变异性和复杂性。因此，在这些实验中测量的自然发生的社区的反应可能更准确地代表未来的海洋表面对海洋酸化的反应。为了执行这一实验/观测工作方案，我们组建了一个强大的全联合王国团队，该团队在成功执行这类海上科学研究项目方面有着广泛的记录。

项目成果

Spring phytoplankton communities of the Labrador Sea (2005-2014): pigment signatures, photophysiology and elemental ratios

拉布拉多海春季浮游植物群落（2005-2014）：色素特征、光生理学和元素比例

• DOI: 10.5194/bg-2016-295
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Fragoso G

Ocean warming, not acidification, controlled coccolithophore response during past greenhouse climate change

• DOI: 10.1130/g37273.1
• 发表时间: 2016-01-01
• 期刊: GEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: Gibbs, Samantha J.;Bown, Paul R.;O'Dea, Sarah A.
• 通讯作者: O'Dea, Sarah A.

Trait-based analysis of subpolar North Atlantic phytoplankton and plastidic ciliate communities using automated flow cytometer

• DOI: 10.1002/lno.11189
• 发表时间: 2019-07-01
• 期刊: LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
• 影响因子: 4.5
• 作者: Fragoso, Glaucia Moreira;Poulton, Alex James;Purdie, Duncan Alastair
• 通讯作者: Purdie, Duncan Alastair

Diatom Biogeography From the Labrador Sea Revealed Through a Trait-Based Approach

通过基于性状的方法揭示拉布拉多海硅藻生物地理学

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00297
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Frontiers in Marine Science
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Fragoso G

Species-specific calcite production reveals Coccolithus pelagicus as the key calcifier in the Arctic Ocean

• DOI: 10.3354/meps11820
• 发表时间: 2016-08-18
• 期刊: MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Daniels, Chris J.;Poulton, Alex J.;Tyrrell, Toby
• 通讯作者: Tyrrell, Toby