Reconstructing magma storage and transport prior to giant Icelandic fissure eruptions

在冰岛大裂缝喷发之前重建岩浆储存和运输

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/I012508/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2011 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

The recent eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in southern Iceland has had a significant impact on the UK. The ash cloud severely disrupted European aviation in April and May of 2010 leading to a loss of over $4 billion to global economic productivity. This eruption is, however, relatively small compared to that of many other Icelandic volcanoes. In 1783 AD, the eruption of the Laki volcano produced about 15 cubic kilometres of lava and ash in less than a year - about 100 times larger than the present Eyjafjallajokull event. The effects of the Laki eruption were devastating. Ash fell in the UK, and huge quantities of noxious fumes were released to the atmosphere. This volcanic gas release was catastrophic for the Icelandic population. Hydrogen fluoride gas was particularly damaging: people and livestock developed fluorosis, which deforms the bones. The combination of fluorosis and the associated famine contributed to the death of 21% of the Icelandic population. The Laki eruption also released large quantities of sulphur in volcanic gases, and this sulphur spread in a deadly dry fog over Europe and North America, which led to extreme climatic variability over the following 3 years, including a severely cold winter in Europe and North America in 1784. This extreme weather combined with the respiratory impact of the volcanic gases to cause a 25% increase in death rate in Britain and France. If an eruption like Laki were to take place today, the negative impacts on economic activity and human health would be significant. In addition to the dangers discussed above, volcanic ash would present dangers to aviation. It is likely that an eruption similar to Laki will take place in the next few centuries, if not decades. Recorded history in Iceland stretches back 1200 years, and in this time 5 giant eruptions have occurred, with Laki being the youngest of these eruptions. Given the possibility of a similar devastating eruption in the foreseeable future, it is important that understanding of the processes operating before such eruptions is used to develop forecasting and risk management strategies. Volcanic monitoring is based on observation of earthquake activity and swelling of the earth surface and gas release as magma shifts in the plumbing system of the volcano. Successful forecasting is dependent on identifying the fingerprint of rising magma prior to the eruption. Eruptions like Laki have not taken place since the development of modern monitoring techniques. Therefore we need to use the composition of the lava and ash released during the eruption to reconstruct the evolution of the magma as it rose through the crust before eruption. We will examine the compositions of melt inclusions, microscopic pockets of melt that are trapped as crystals grow in magma chambers in the crust, using state-of-the-art scientific instruments. We will use the composition of the inclusions and their host crystals to determine the rate at which gas forms from magma as it is stored in the crust. These observations will allow us to track the history of magma storage and ascent before the eruption starts. These models of pre-eruptive magma movement will be used to predict the fingerprint of magma rising before large basaltic eruptions, a fingerprint that might be recognised by volcano monitoring strategies. This forensic study of the products of the Laki event will lead to improvement in our ability to forecast the onset of catastrophic basaltic eruptions. Our study also has implications for the understanding of giant eruptions in the past, where millions of cubic kilometres of lava have been produced in short intervals of geological time. Such events have been linked to extreme environmental change, rapid global warming and mass extinction of species. Our approach will allow for improved measurement of the release of environmentally significant volcanic gases from these giant eruptions.
冰岛南部的埃亚菲亚德拉火山最近的喷发对英国产生了重大影响。2010年4月和5月,火山灰云严重扰乱了欧洲航空业,导致全球经济生产力损失超过40亿美元。然而,与冰岛许多其他火山相比,这次喷发相对较小。公元1783年,拉基火山的喷发在不到一年的时间里产生了大约15立方公里的熔岩和火山灰——大约是现在埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发的100倍。拉基火山喷发的影响是毁灭性的。火山灰落在英国,大量的有毒烟雾被释放到大气中。火山气体的释放对冰岛人来说是灾难性的。氟化氢气体的危害特别大:人和牲畜患上氟中毒,导致骨骼变形。氟中毒加上随之而来的饥荒导致冰岛21%的人口死亡。拉基火山喷发还在火山气体中释放了大量的硫,这些硫在欧洲和北美上空形成了致命的干雾,导致了接下来3年的极端气候变化,包括1784年欧洲和北美的严冬。这种极端天气加上火山气体对呼吸的影响导致英国和法国的死亡率增加了25%。如果像拉基火山这样的火山爆发发生在今天,对经济活动和人类健康的负面影响将是巨大的。除了上面讨论的危险之外,火山灰还会给航空带来危险。类似拉基火山的喷发很可能在未来几个世纪发生,如果不是几十年的话。冰岛有记载的历史可以追溯到1200年前,在这段时间里,冰岛发生了5次巨大的火山喷发,而拉基火山是其中最年轻的一次。考虑到在可预见的未来可能发生类似的毁灭性火山爆发,了解火山爆发前的运行过程对于制定预测和风险管理策略非常重要。火山监测是基于对地震活动和地球表面膨胀以及火山管道系统中岩浆移动时气体释放的观察。成功的预测依赖于在喷发前识别上升岩浆的指纹。自从现代监测技术发展以来,像拉基火山这样的喷发还没有发生过。因此,我们需要利用火山喷发期间释放的熔岩和火山灰的成分来重建火山喷发前岩浆穿过地壳时的演化过程。我们将使用最先进的科学仪器,检查熔体包裹体的成分,这些包裹体是在地壳岩浆室中晶体生长时被困住的熔体的微观口袋。我们将利用包裹体及其宿主晶体的组成来确定岩浆在地壳中储存时形成气体的速率。这些观测将使我们能够追踪火山爆发前岩浆储存和上升的历史。这些喷发前岩浆运动的模型将用于预测大型玄武岩喷发前岩浆上升的指纹,这一指纹可能被火山监测策略识别。对拉基事件产物的法医研究将提高我们预测灾难性玄武岩喷发的能力。我们的研究对理解过去的巨大喷发也有意义,在这些喷发中,数百万立方公里的熔岩在很短的地质时间间隔内产生。这些事件与极端的环境变化、快速的全球变暖和物种大规模灭绝有关。我们的方法将允许改进测量这些巨大喷发产生的对环境有重要意义的火山气体的释放。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(10)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Bubble formation and decrepitation control the CO$_{2}$ content of olivine-hosted melt inclusions
气泡形成和爆裂控制橄榄石熔体包裹体的 CO$_{2}$ 含量
  • DOI:
    10.17863/cam.8730
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Maclennan J
  • 通讯作者:
    Maclennan J
Diffusive over-hydration of olivine-hosted melt inclusions
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.008
  • 发表时间:
    2015-06
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    5.3
  • 作者:
    M. Hartley;D. Neave;J. Maclennan;M. Edmonds;T. Thordarson
  • 通讯作者:
    M. Hartley;D. Neave;J. Maclennan;M. Edmonds;T. Thordarson
Bubble formation and decrepitation control the CO 2 content of olivine-hosted melt inclusions
气泡形成和爆裂控制橄榄石熔体包裹体的CO 2 含量
Reconstructing the deep CO2 degassing behaviour of large basaltic fissure eruptions
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.031
  • 发表时间:
    2014-05-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    5.3
  • 作者:
    Hartley, Margaret E.;Maclennan, John;Thordarson, Thor
  • 通讯作者:
    Thordarson, Thor
Tracking timescales of short-term precursors to large basaltic fissure eruptions through Fe-Mg diffusion in olivine
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.018
  • 发表时间:
    2016-04-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    5.3
  • 作者:
    Hartley, Margaret E.;Morgan, Daniel J.;Thordarson, Thor
  • 通讯作者:
    Thordarson, Thor
{{ item.title }}
{{ item.translation_title }}
  • DOI:
    {{ item.doi }}
  • 发表时间:
    {{ item.publish_year }}
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    {{ item.factor }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.authors }}
  • 通讯作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ journalArticles.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ monograph.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ sciAawards.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ conferencePapers.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ patent.updateTime }}

John Maclennan其他文献

Crystal scavenging from mush piles recorded by melt inclusions
从熔浆包裹体记录的糊状物堆中晶体清除
  • DOI:
    10.1038/s41467-019-13518-2
  • 发表时间:
    2019-12-20
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    15.700
  • 作者:
    Penny E. Wieser;Marie Edmonds;John Maclennan;Frances E. Jenner;Barbara E. Kunz
  • 通讯作者:
    Barbara E. Kunz
Hydraulically linked reservoirs simultaneously fed the 1975–1984 Krafla Fires eruptions: Insights from petrochemistry
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118960
  • 发表时间:
    2024-11-15
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
  • 作者:
    Shane M. Rooyakkers;Kate J. Carroll;Alexandra F. Gutai;Ben Winpenny;Enikő Bali;Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson;John Maclennan;Freysteinn Sigmundsson;Kristján Jónasson;Euan J.F. Mutch;David A. Neave;Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin;Karl Grönvold;Sæmundur A. Halldórsson
  • 通讯作者:
    Sæmundur A. Halldórsson
Widening the goal-posts
放宽目标
  • DOI:
    10.1038/ngeo833
  • 发表时间:
    2010-03-28
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    16.100
  • 作者:
    John Maclennan
  • 通讯作者:
    John Maclennan
Continuous mush disaggregation during the long-lasting Laki fissure 2 eruption, Iceland
冰岛拉基裂隙 2 号火山喷发期间持续发生的糊状物崩解
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    D. Neave;I. Buisman;John Maclennan
  • 通讯作者:
    John Maclennan
Constraining mantle carbon: CO<sub>2</sub>-trace element systematics in basalts and the roles of magma mixing and degassing
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.047
  • 发表时间:
    2017-12-05
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
  • 作者:
    Simon Matthews;Oliver Shorttle;John F. Rudge;John Maclennan
  • 通讯作者:
    John Maclennan

John Maclennan的其他文献

{{ item.title }}
{{ item.translation_title }}
  • DOI:
    {{ item.doi }}
  • 发表时间:
    {{ item.publish_year }}
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    {{ item.factor }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.authors }}
  • 通讯作者:
    {{ item.author }}

{{ truncateString('John Maclennan', 18)}}的其他基金

The Distribution of Oxygen in Earth's mantle
地幔中氧气的分布
  • 批准号:
    NE/N009886/1
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Probing Mantle Heterogeneity: A Petrological Reconciliation for Geochemistry and Seismology
探测地幔异质性:地球化学和地震学的岩石学协调
  • 批准号:
    NE/J021539/1
  • 财政年份:
    2013
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Oxygen isotope variation in Icelandic gabbros: Deep hydrothermal flow or mantle heterogeneity?
冰岛辉长岩中的氧同位素变化:深部热液流还是地幔异质性?
  • 批准号:
    NE/E001254/1
  • 财政年份:
    2006
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

相似国自然基金

天元数学交流项目——MAGMA在群论与群作用中的应用研讨会
  • 批准号:
    11926202
  • 批准年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    22.0 万元
  • 项目类别:
    数学天元基金项目
计算群论研讨班
  • 批准号:
    11126019
  • 批准年份:
    2011
  • 资助金额:
    8.0 万元
  • 项目类别:
    数学天元基金项目
几类重要p群的分类及相关问题研究
  • 批准号:
    11071150
  • 批准年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    32.0 万元
  • 项目类别:
    面上项目

相似海外基金

NSFGEO-NERC: Imaging the magma storage region and hydrothermal system of an active arc volcano
NSFGEO-NERC:对活弧火山的岩浆储存区域和热液系统进行成像
  • 批准号:
    NE/X000656/1
  • 财政年份:
    2025
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
NERC-NSFGEO: Imaging the magma storage region and hydrothermal system of an active arc volcano
NERC-NSFGEO:对活弧火山的岩浆储存区域和热液系统进行成像
  • 批准号:
    2404029
  • 财政年份:
    2024
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Phase equilibria experiments to constrain magma storage at Mt Churchill, Alaska; refining the magmatic source of the White River Ash eruptions
阿拉斯加丘吉尔山限制岩浆储存的相平衡实验;
  • 批准号:
    2308646
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
4DVOLC: Magma storage and ascent in volcanic systems via time resolved HPHT x-ray tomographic experiments and numerical modelling of eruption dynamics
4DVOLC:通过时间分辨 HPHT X 射线断层扫描实验和喷发动力学数值模拟,火山系统中的岩浆储存和上升
  • 批准号:
    MR/V023985/1
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship
Mineral records of magma storage and crystallization on the Moon
月球上岩浆储存和结晶的矿物记录
  • 批准号:
    2594636
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
CAREER: Rethinking the Dynamics of Magma Storage and Eruption for Yellowstone’s Youngest Supereruption’
职业生涯:重新思考黄石公园最年轻的超级喷发的岩浆储存和喷发动力学
  • 批准号:
    2042662
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
The dynamics of magma storage and ascent beneath an active arc volcano (Villarrica, Chile)
活弧火山下方岩浆储存和上升的动态(智利维拉里卡)
  • 批准号:
    2287789
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
Collaborative Research: Determining Magma Storage Depths and Ascent Rates for the Erebus Volcanic Province, Antarctica Using Diffusive Water Loss from Olivine-hosted Melt Inclusion
合作研究:利用橄榄石熔体包裹体的扩散水损失确定南极洲埃里伯斯火山省的岩浆储存深度和上升速率
  • 批准号:
    1644027
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Determining Magma Storage Depths and Ascent Rates for the Erebus Volcanic Province, Antarctica Using Diffusive Water Loss from Olivine-hosted Melt Inclusion
合作研究:利用橄榄石熔体包裹体的扩散水损失确定南极洲埃里伯斯火山省的岩浆储存深度和上升速率
  • 批准号:
    1644013
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Determining Magma Storage Depths and Ascent Rates for the Erebus Volcanic Province, Antarctica Using Diffusive Water Loss from Olivine-hosted Melt Inclusion
合作研究:利用橄榄石熔体包裹体的扩散水损失确定南极洲埃里伯斯火山省的岩浆储存深度和上升速率
  • 批准号:
    1644020
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 30.74万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
{{ showInfoDetail.title }}

作者:{{ showInfoDetail.author }}

知道了