SINGLE CODE/DEFAULT STRATEGY USE BY ANIMALS

动物使用单一代码/默认策略

• 批准号: 6126130
• 负责人: Thomas R Zentall
• 金额: $ 9.11万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-12-01 至 2001-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6126130
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; concept; cues; discrimination learning; memory; neural information processing; paralinguistic behavior; pigeons; short term memory; stimulus /response; stimulus generalization

Research in animal cognition has provided evidence that species as diverse as monkeys and pigeons are capable of the formation of stimulus classes that are necessary for the acquisition of concepts including those required for the development of human language (Zentall & Smeets, 1996). Although there is now good evidence for the evidence of the existence of such coding processes little is known about the nature of the resulting codes. A significant limitation of animal models of cognitive learning has been the difficulty in specifying how animals represent events in memory. The long-term objects of this project are to determine the mechanisms responsible for these coding processes and to identify the nature of the codes themselves. At a practical level, these procedures can be (and already have been) used in the treatment of learning disabled and developmentally delayed children (Sidman, 1994). Recent evidence suggests that when pigeons acquire a delayed conditional discrimination involving the presence versus the absence of a conditional stimulus, they do so by developing a single-code/default strategy (one of the two conditional stimuli is coded, the other is not, but is assumed to have occurred in the absence of a code for the first). Evidence for the development of such a strategy comes in the form of non-parallel (divergent) retention function obtained when delay is inserted between the initial (conditional) stimuli and the test stimuli. The high, flat retention function on absent-sample trials and step retention function (falling below chance) on present-sample suggests that only the present sample is represented in memory and a response indicating that a absent sample has been present is made by default. An understanding of the development of the single-code/default strategy is important because it suggests that pigeons have the capacity to acquire an inherently symmetrical (i.e., two-alternative) task using an asymmetric, but perhaps more efficient, coding strategy. The purpose of the present research is (1) to critically evaluate existing evidence for the development/the single-code/default strategy in pigeons and to assess alternative hypotheses concerning the determinants of the divergent retention functions, (2) to determine the conditions under which true single- code/default strategies will develop, and (3) to determine the basis for retention functions obtained following duration-sample matching (research on memory for duration), which are strikingly similar to those following training with present-absent samples nature of that single underlying code.

对动物认知的研究提供了证据，表明物种的多样性 由于猴子和鸽子能够形成刺激类 对于获得概念是必要的，包括那些 是人类语言发展所必需的(Zentall&Smeets，1996)。 尽管现在有很好的证据证明 这样的编码过程几乎不知道结果的性质 密码。认知学习的动物模型有一个显著的局限性 很难确定动物如何代表记忆中的事件。 这个项目的长期目标是确定机制 负责这些编码过程，并确定 密码本身。在实践层面上，这些程序可以是(和 已经)用于治疗学习障碍和 发育迟缓的儿童(Sidman，1994)。 最近的证据表明，当鸽子获得延迟的条件性 涉及存在与不存在条件的歧视 刺激，他们通过制定单一代码/默认策略(其中之一 两个条件刺激已编码，另一个未编码，但被假定为 在没有用于第一个的代码的情况下发生)。证据表明， 这种战略的发展是以非平行的形式进行的 (发散的)保留函数，当在 初始(条件)刺激和测试刺激。高的，平的 无样本试验的保留函数和步长保留函数 (跌破偶然性)关于现在-样本表明只有现在 样本在存储器中表示，并且响应指示不存在 默认情况下，样品已制作完成。对这一概念的理解 开发单一代码/默认策略非常重要，因为它 表明鸽子有能力获得与生俱来的 对称(即，两个备选)任务使用非对称，但可能 更高效的编码策略。本研究的目的是 (1)批判性地评估现有的发展证据。 鸽子中的单码/默认策略并评估替代方案 关于发散性留存决定因素的假设 函数，(2)确定在什么条件下真的单次- 将制定代码/默认策略，以及(3)确定 在持续时间-样本匹配之后获得的保留函数(研究 关于持续时间的记忆)，它们与以下内容惊人地相似 使用现场缺席样本进行训练该单一潜在因素的性质 密码。