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Effect of Prior Effort on Reward Value

先前的努力对奖励值的影响

基本信息

批准号：
7094088
负责人：
Thomas R Zentall
金额：
$ 14.38万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2002-09-15 至 2009-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7094088
关键词：
behavior test behavioral /social science research tag body physical activity cognition ethology goal oriented behavior motivation pigeons preference psychic activity level psychological models reinforcer social behavior social psychology stimulus /response

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The investigation in animals of behavior thought to be characteristic of humans alone can serve to support the an evolutionary theory of similarity of behavior among species. More important perhaps, animal models of human behavior often encourage the identification of simpler accounts of human behavior than typically found in the psychological literature. For example, research with animals has forced the reexamination of the hypothesis that the ability demonstrate stimulus equivalence requires verbal ability. It has also led to accounts of the phenomenon of transitive inference that are simpler than those proposed by many developmental psychologists (e.g. propositional logic or the linear representation of stimuli). In the present proposal we will investigate in animals a social psychological phenomenon that, when found in humans has been called "cognitive dissonance." More specifically, "worth ethic" or "justification of effort," which can be described as the attribution of greater value to rewards that follow greater effort, has been thought to depend on the human need to resolve the dissonance presumably engendered by the exertion of greater effort to obtain comparable rewards. We have found that pigeons will demonstrate similar behavior (stimuli that follow a high effort response are preferred over those that follow a low effort response). We interpret that behavior in terms of a form of contrast, which in this case can be described as the relatively greater improvement in hedonic state experienced between the end of the high effort response and the signal for reward. We propose to (1) examine the functional relation between effort and reward value, (2) determine the source of the contrast, (3) examine the generality of the effect, (4) distinguish experimentally between effort and delay to reinforcement, (5) confirm that it is the value of the reward that is enhanced by prior effort, and (6) determine why it is that even negative discriminative stimuli show this effect. The proposed research should have important implications for theories of cognitive dissonance as well as other psychological theories of human social behavior.

描述(申请人提供)：动物行为调查被认为是人类独有的特征可以用来支持物种间行为相似性的进化论。更重要的是也许，人类行为的动物模型经常鼓励人们识别对人类行为的描述比通常在心理学中发现的更简单文学。例如，对动物的研究迫使人们重新检查证明刺激等价性的能力的假设需要语言能力。这也导致了对传递性推理现象，比许多人提出的要简单发展心理学家(例如命题逻辑或刺激的线性表示)。在目前的提案中，我们将在动物身上研究一种社会心理现象，当在人类被称为“认知失调”。更具体地说，“价值伦理” 或者“努力的正当理由”，这可以被描述为人们一直认为，努力越多，回报越有价值。关于人类需要解决想必是由付出更大的努力以获得可比的回报。我们发现，鸽子会表现出类似的行为(高努力后的刺激响应优先于那些遵循低努力响应的响应)。我们用对比的形式来解释这种行为，在这种情况下，可以被描述为经历的享乐状态的相对较大的改善在高努力反应结束和奖励信号之间。我们提出(1)考察努力与报酬价值之间的函数关系， (2)确定对比的来源；(3)检查效果，(4)在实验上区分努力和拖延加强，(5)确认增强的是奖励的价值通过先前的努力，以及(6)确定为什么它甚至是负面的歧视刺激物显示出这种效果。拟议的研究应该具有重要的对认知不和谐理论的影响以及其他人类社会行为的心理学理论。