Effect of Prior Effort on Reward Value

先前的努力对奖励值的影响

• 批准号: 6464958
• 负责人: Thomas R Zentall
• 金额: $ 18.27万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-15 至 2007-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6464958
• 关键词: behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; body physical activity; cognition; ethology; goal oriented behavior; motivation; pigeons; preference; psychic activity level; psychological models; reinforcer; social behavior; social psychology; stimulus /response

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The investigation in animals of behavior thought to be characteristic of humans alone can serve to support the an evolutionary theory of similarity of behavior among species. More important perhaps, animal models of human behavior often encourage the identification of simpler accounts of human behavior than typically found in the psychological literature. For example, research with animals has forced the reexamination of the hypothesis that the ability demonstrate stimulus equivalence requires verbal ability. It has also led to accounts of the phenomenon of transitive inference that are simpler than those proposed by many developmental psychologists (e.g. propositional logic or the linear representation of stimuli). In the present proposal we will investigate in animals a social psychological phenomenon that, when found in humans has been called "cognitive dissonance." More specifically, "worth ethic" or "justification of effort," which can be described as the attribution of greater value to rewards that follow greater effort, has been thought to depend on the human need to resolve the dissonance presumably engendered by the exertion of greater effort to obtain comparable rewards. We have found that pigeons will demonstrate similar behavior (stimuli that follow a high effort response are preferred over those that follow a low effort response). We interpret that behavior in terms of a form of contrast, which in this case can be described as the relatively greater improvement in hedonic state experienced between the end of the high effort response and the signal for reward. We propose to (1) examine the functional relation between effort and reward value, (2) determine the source of the contrast, (3) examine the generality of the effect, (4) distinguish experimentally between effort and delay to reinforcement, (5) confirm that it is the value of the reward that is enhanced by prior effort, and (6) determine why it is that even negative discriminative stimuli show this effect. The proposed research should have important implications for theories of cognitive dissonance as well as other psychological theories of human social behavior.

描述（由申请人提供）：动物行为调查 被认为是人类独有的特征可以支持 物种间行为相似性的进化论。更重要的是 也许，人类行为的动物模型经常鼓励人们识别 对人类行为的描述比通常在心理学中发现的更简单 文学。例如，动物研究迫使人们重新审视 证明刺激等效性的能力需要的假设 言语能力。这也导致了账目 传递推理现象比许多人提出的更简单 发展心理学家（例如命题逻辑或 刺激的线性表示）。在本提案中，我们将 研究动物的一种社会心理现象，当发现 人类被称为“认知失调”。更具体地说，“价值道德” 或“努力的理由”，可以描述为归因 人们认为，更大的努力带来的回报的更大价值取决于 人类需要解决可能由 付出更大的努力来获得同等的回报。我们发现 鸽子会表现出类似的行为（高度努力后的刺激 响应优于那些遵循低努力响应的响应）。我们 用对比的形式来解释这种行为，在这种情况下可以 被描述为所经历的享乐状态相对较大的改善 在高努力反应结束和奖励信号之间。我们 建议（1）检查努力与奖励价值之间的函数关系， (2) 确定对比的来源， (3) 检查对比的普遍性 效应，（4）通过实验区分努力和延迟 强化，（5）确认强化的是奖励的价值 通过先前的努力，以及（6）确定为什么甚至是负面歧视 刺激显示出这种效果。拟议的研究应该具有重要意义 对认知失调理论以及其他理论的影响 人类社会行为的心理学理论。