Diversity in Upland Rivers for Ecosystem Service Sustainability - DURESS

英国的水资源价值每年2000亿英镑，英国389，000公里的河流生态系统可以说是我们最重要的。除了提供水，它们还提供其他主要的生态系统服务，如洪水和水质的调节;通过提供能量和营养物质来支持邻近的生态系统;以及魅力生物，娱乐和教育的巨大文化价值。然而，生物和生态系统功能在河流中维持这些服务的方式却知之甚少。尽管流域土地利用的变化以及气候变化对河流生物的影响越来越大，但这一点仍然存在。成本影响很大，例如，对休闲渔业、水处理成本和高价值河流生物多样性的影响。相比之下，积极利用管理的机会，以增加河流的生态系统服务价值，提高有益的河流生物几乎没有被考虑。在这个项目中，我们将重点放在河流生态系统服务的四个例子选择明确的生物多样性介导的：水质的调节;调节分解;渔业和休闲渔业;和河流鸟类作为文化价值的生物多样性。每一种都面临气候/土地利用变化的风险，说明它们对不同时间尺度上的扰动阈值的敏感性。这些服务的市场价值各不相同，都需要综合的物理、地球化学、生态和社会经济科学视角，而这是任何一个项目合作伙伴都无法单独提供的。利用河流微生物，无脊椎动物，鱼类和河流鸟类的组织水平，从基因到食物网，我们将测试的总体假设：“生物多样性是核心的可持续提供的高地河流生态系统服务下不断变化的土地利用和气候”。具体来说，我们将问：1。高地河流提供的服务范围是什么，哪些是生物介导的？2.生物多样性（从基因到食物网）与提供服务之间有什么联系？3.河流生物多样性如何随着时间的推移影响生态系统服务提供的速率或恢复力？4.流域土地利用/管理和气候变化如何影响河流生物群？5.应如何管理河流生物多样性以维持生态系统服务？在从小型实验集水区到整个地区的空间尺度上，以及从次年度到三十多年的时间尺度上，这项工作将在威尔士高地进行，因为这是英国一个明确的地理区域，该区域特别丰富，空间广泛，项目所需的长期数据。

With the UK's water valued at £200 billion p.a., Britain's 389,000 km of river ecosystems are arguably our most important. In addition to providing water, they supply other major ecosystem services such as the regulation of flooding and water quality; support to adjacent ecosystems by supplying energy and nutrients; and large cultural value for charismatic organisms, recreation, and education. However, the ways in which organisms and ecosystem functions maintain these services in rivers are extremely poorly understood. This is despite large ongoing effects on river organisms from changing catchment land use, and increasingly also from climate change. Cost implications are large and result, for example, from impacts on recreational fisheries, water treatment costs, and high value river biodiversity. By contrast, opportunities to use management positively to increase the ecosystem service value of rivers by enhancing beneficial in-river organisms have barely been considered. In this project, we will focus on four examples of river ecosystem services chosen to be explicitly biodiversity-mediated: the regulation of water quality; the regulation of decomposition; fisheries and recreational fishing; and river birds as culturally valued biodiversity. Each is at risk from climate/land use change, illustrating their sensitivity to disturbance thresholds over different time scales. These services vary in attributable market values, and all require an integrated physical, biogeochemical, ecological and socio-economic science perspective that none of the project partners could deliver alone. Using river microbes, invertebrates, fish and river birds at levels of organisation from genes to food webs, we will test the overarching hypothesis that: "Biodiversity is central to the sustainable delivery of upland river ecosystem services under changing land-use and climate". Specifically, we will ask: 1. What is the range of services delivered by upland rivers, and which are biologically mediated? 2. What are the links between biodiversity (from genes to food webs) and service delivery? 3. How does river biodiversity affect the rate or resilience of ecosystem service delivery through time? 4. How do changes in catchment land use/ management and climate affect river biota? 5. How should river biodiversity be managed to sustain ecosystem services? At spatial scales ranging from small experimental catchments to the whole region, and at temporal scales from sub-annual to over three decades, the work will be carried out in upland Wales as a well-defined geographical area of the UK that is particularly rich in the spatially extensive and long-term data required for the project.