How do palaeontological data refine our understanding of adaptive radiation and the evolution of modern biodiversity?

古生物学数据如何完善我们对适应性辐射和现代生物多样性进化的理解？

• 批准号: NE/J022632/1
• 负责人: Matthew Friedman
• 金额: $ 35.77万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ022632%2F1
• 关键词: How; do; palaeontological; data; refine

Swordfishes (needle-nosed predators of the high seas), flounders (gastronomically familiar and bizarrely asymmetrical bottom dwellers), remoras (literal hangers-on that hitch rides on sharks using a suction cup on their heads): few fishes, or indeed vertebrates, show more strikingly different anatomies or modes of life. Divergent as they are, genetic studies indicate that these fishes, as well as several others, are closely related, forming a bough in the tree of life called Carangimorpha. Cases like this, where organisms with shared ancestry branch out over time to assume divergent bodyplans and lifestyles, are known as adaptive radiations. Previous research on this topic has focused on living groups with poor fossil records, like anole lizards, cichlid fishes, and Darwin's famous finches. However, fossils are the only direct means of timing evolutionary events, and yield unique evidence of anatomies pruned from the tree of life by extinction; as such, they are critical in understanding how modern biodiversity came to be. We will study this exceptional group of fishes as a laboratory to not only understand how their specialisations arose, but also explore the ways in which fossils can be especially useful for answering questions of biodiversity and evolution. Specifically, we will ask: (1) what are the steps leading to peculiar carangimorph body 'designs'; (2) when in geological time did these changes occur?; and (3) what do fossils tell us about the speed and manner in which these changes took place?Fossils are critical in solving these problems. For instance, recent discoveries revealed how flatfishes evolved to have both eyes on one side of their head. Such transitional forms are typically rare, but the diversity of living carangimorphs is complemented by a trove of complete fossils. Modern preparation (chemical treatment or methods akin to sandblasting) and imaging (CT scan) techniques can extract fossils from surrounding rock. We will uncover details of exceptional fossils that show the early stages in the evolution of remarkable adaptations of living carangimorphs, including the rapier-like snout of billfishes and the suction disc of remoras.Fossils cannot speak for themselves and we cannot simply trace evolution by peeling back rock layers. We must discover the relationships of fossils to living species. We will combine palaeontological data with anatomy and DNA data from modern fishes to place fossils in a tree alongside living relatives, allowing us to reconstruct the transformations leading to specialized modern bodyplans. Including both extinct and living species is also important because fossils influence estimated relationships among living species and vice versa.To build a timeline for carangimorph evolution, we need to find out when in Earth's history each branch in its family tree split off. Fossilization is a rare event, and so even the oldest fossil of a particular branch might be a relatively late arrival. We therefore need to combine our fossil data with an indirect approach known as the molecular clock. If we know the rate at which genetic mutations build up, we can estimate how long ago living species split from each other and produce a 'time tree': a family tree with an absolute time scale. With these components in place, we can test how fossils impact our understanding of adaptive radiation and the evolution of biodiversity, using carangimorphs as a test case. Our time tree allows us to apply statistical tools for finding the rate at which anatomical features changed over time. This can be used to see whether change was rapid early in evolutionary history or whether it was slow and gradual, and whether rates varied between marine and freshwater environments. We will conduct our analyses with and without fossils, allowing us to decide whether those based only on modern data might be misleading, and if other biologists should therefore strive to include extinct species in their studies.

剑鱼（高海的鼻鼻捕食者），比目鱼（胃熟悉和怪异的不对称的底部居民），re悔（re悔的人的吊带）（字面的衣架在头上挂在鲨鱼上）：很少的鱼类，甚至很少的鱼类，或者实际上是脊椎动物，表现出更加令人震惊的不同解剖学或模式。遗传研究表明，这些鱼类以及其他几种是密切相关的，在生命之树中形成了一个称为carangimorpha的树枝。这样的情况，随着时间的流逝，有共同祖先分支的生物体假设身体计划和生活方式不同，被称为自适应辐射。关于该主题的先前研究集中在具有糟糕的化石记录的生活团体上，例如Anole Lizards，Cichlid Fishes和Darwin的著名雀科。但是，化石是定时进化事件的唯一直接手段，并产生了通过灭绝从生命树中修剪的解剖学的独特证据。因此，它们对于了解现代生物多样性的发展至关重要。我们将研究这一特殊的鱼类作为实验室，不仅了解它们的专业化是如何出现的，而且还探讨了化石对于回答生物多样性和进化问题特别有用的方式。具体来说，我们会问：（1）导致奇特的Carangimorph身体“设计”的步骤是什么； （2）在地质时期发生这些变化时； （3）化石告诉我们这些变化发生的速度和方式是什么？化石对于解决这些问题至关重要。例如，最近的发现揭示了扁平鱼如何演变成两只眼睛在头部的一侧。这种过渡形式通常很少见，但是活着的Carangimorphs的多样性是由一群完全化石补充。现代制剂（类似于沙蓝色的化学处理或方法）和成像（CT扫描）技术可以从周围岩石中提取化石。我们将发现杰出化石的细节，这些化石表明了活着的Carangimorphs的显着改编的早期阶段，包括Billfishes类似Rapier的鼻子和Remoras的吸力盘，而Fossils不能说话，我们不能简单地通过剥离后摇滚层来痕迹。我们必须发现化石与活物种的关系。我们将将古生物学数据与解剖学和来自现代鱼类的DNA数据结合起来，将化石与生物亲戚一起放在树上，从而使我们能够重建导致专业现代身体计划的转换。包括灭绝物种和生物物种都很重要，因为化石会影响生物之间的估计关系，反之亦然。为Carangimorph进化建立时间表，我们需要找出地球历史上的每个分支在其家谱中的每个分支中何时分裂。化石是罕见的事件，因此，即使是特定分支的最古老的化石也可能是相对较晚的到来。因此，我们需要将化石数据与称为分子时钟的间接方法相结合。如果我们知道遗传突变累积的速度，我们可以估计多久以前的生物彼此分裂并产生“时间树”：绝对时间尺度的家谱。有了这些成分，我们可以使用Carangimorphs来测试化石如何影响我们对适应性辐射的理解和生物多样性的发展。我们的时间树使我们能够应用统计工具来查找随着时间的推移而变化的解剖特征的速率。这可以用来查看变化在进化史的早期还是缓慢和逐渐的变化，以及海洋和淡水环境之间的速度是否有所不同。我们将在有或没有化石的情况下进行分析，使我们能够决定仅基于现代数据的人可能会产生误导，以及因此其他生物学家是否应该努力将灭绝物种纳入其研究。

项目成果

A fossil unicorn crestfish (Teleostei, Lampridiformes, Lophotidae) from the Eocene of Iran.

• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3381
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: PeerJ
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Davesne D

THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF RAY-FINNED FISHES

• DOI: 10.1111/pala.12150
• 发表时间: 2015-03-01
• 期刊: PALAEONTOLOGY
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Friedman, Matt

Bajaichthys elegans from the Eocene of Bolca (Italy) and the overlooked morphological diversity of Zeiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)

来自博尔卡（意大利）始新世的秀丽隐杆线虫和被忽视的 Zeiformes（Teleostei、Acanthomorpha）形态多样性

• DOI: 10.1111/pala.12280
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Palaeontology
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Davesne D

The Phylogenetic Intrarelationships of Spiny-Rayed Fishes (Acanthomorpha, Teleostei, Actinopterygii): Fossil Taxa Increase the Congruence of Morphology with Molecular Data

• DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00129
• 发表时间: 2016-01-01
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
• 影响因子: 3
• 作者: Davesne, Donald;Gallut, Cyril;Otero, Olga
• 通讯作者: Otero, Olga