Under what conditions can Payments for Environmental Services deliver sustainable improvements in welfare? Learning from a Randomized Control Trial

在什么条件下环境服务付费可以带来福利的可持续改善？

• 批准号: NE/L001470/1
• 负责人: Nigel Asquith
• 金额: $ 50.3万
• 依托单位: Natura Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FL001470%2F1
• 关键词: Under; what; conditions; Payments; Environmental

Wilson Maldondado watched his cattle die one by one. The 2010 Bolivian dry season was the worst in Wilson's memory, killing 200 cows in Villamontes and countless others across the Chaco. But it was not the first long drought. In 2004 more than 50,000 people were affected in Gutierrez, where more than 90 percent of the corn crop failed. In Gutierrez 20 communities had no drinking water, and even Villamontes town ran out. Wilson looked at the clouds gathering on the Sierra del Aguarague and wondered, with mountains so close, how the Chaco could be so dry. Across Latin America, the watersheds that could provide users with clean water often have to support additional and sometimes conflicting functions, such as agriculture and forestry. Existing regulatory frameworks have often proved unable to reconcile these conflicting needs. Upper watershed farmers often have no economic alternative other than to deforest their land for agriculture. Upstream Water Factories are thus destroyed-often for a pittance-and cows enter streambeds to drink, forage, urinate and defecate. The subsistence agriculture of upper watershed farmers is unproductive and susceptible to climate change. Downstream municipal water sources are contaminated, children miss school with diarrhoea, sedimentation blocks pipes and dams, and waterholes supporting farmers like Wilson Maldonado dry up. In 2003 in Los Negros, Bolivia, Fundación Natura Bolivia (Natura) helped initiate a new incentive based water conservation model: municipal payments for environmental services (PES). These projects are based on the twin axioms that 1) protecting upstream forests will help maintain water supplies in quantity and quality, and 2) downstream water users need to contribute to such forest protection. The key attributes of these schemes are the precautionary principle and local institution building and alignment. From humble beginnings in 2003, when 6 farmers agreed to protect 465 ha, more than 30,000 downstream users are now compensating 1,140 upstream families for protecting 35,000 ha of forest.This research will identify conditions under which such small scale Payments for Environmental Services (PES) schemes can deliver sustainable improvements in welfare. We will use a series of Randomized Control Trials (RCT) to:1. Explore how payments for ecosystem services can support poverty alleviation in the Bolivian Chaco. The Bolivian Chaco is hot and dry, poverty is widespread, the indigenous people's land is held communally, and drought is a major agricultural constraint. Conditions are thus not typical of Bolivia, and indeed are more like sub-Saharan Africa. We thus expect that lessons we learn will be applicable to less developed countries. 2. Take lessons and tools from Bolivia to other Andean countries, to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal-led PES, and the applicability of the RCT methodology for ecosystem service and poverty alleviation interventions. Taking advantage of an project that will train 200 municipal technicians from Peru, Colombia and Ecuador in how to set up small-scale PES schemes, we will undertake a controlled evaluation of the importance of external inputs and seed capital for PES development.3. Develop and test an RCT evaluation toolkit that can support the Colombian Ministry of the Environment. We are will work with the Government's Direction of Forests and Ecosystem Services to help develop a monitoring and evaluation program for the national PES scheme which ensure that 1% of all municipal revenues are invested in upstream watershed protection.The fundamental objective of this proposal is to assess under what conditions Payments for Environmental Services can deliver sustainable development. A secondary objective is to develop a series evaluation tools so that they can be applied globally, and which can help project developers quickly assess the effectiveness-and hence improve the impact-of their poverty reduction interventions.

威尔逊·马尔东达多看着他的牛一个接一个地死去。2010年玻利维亚的旱季是威尔逊记忆中最糟糕的一年，维拉蒙泰的200头牛和整个查科的无数头牛都死了。但这不是第一次长期干旱。2004年，古铁雷斯有5万多人受到影响，那里90%以上的玉米作物歉收。在古铁雷斯，20个社区没有饮用水，甚至维拉蒙泰镇也没有饮用水。威尔逊望着阿瓜拉格山脉上聚集的云层，心想，群山近在咫尺，查科怎么会这么干燥。在整个拉丁美洲，可以为用户提供清洁水的流域往往必须支持额外的，有时是相互冲突的功能，如农业和林业。事实证明，现有的监管框架往往无法调和这些相互冲突的需求。上游流域的农民往往没有其他经济选择，只能砍伐森林用于农业。因此，上游的水厂被摧毁--通常是为了一点小钱--奶牛进入河床饮水、觅食、大小便。上游流域农民的自给农业生产力低下，易受气候变化的影响。下游的城市水源受到污染，孩子们因腹泻而缺课，沉淀物堵塞了管道和水坝，支持威尔逊马尔多纳多这样的农民的水坑干涸了。2003年，玻利维亚自然基金会在玻利维亚的洛斯内格罗帮助启动了一个新的以激励为基础的水资源保护模式：市政环境服务付费。这些项目基于两个原则：1）保护上游森林将有助于保持水供应的数量和质量，2）下游用水者需要为森林保护做出贡献。这些计划的主要特点是预防原则和地方机构的建设和协调。2003年，6个农民同意保护465公顷的森林，从一个微不足道的开始，30 000多个下游用户现在正在为保护35 000公顷的森林向1 140个上游家庭提供补偿，这项研究将确定这种小规模的环境服务付费计划能够持续改善福利的条件。我们将使用一系列随机对照试验（RCT）来：1。探索生态系统服务付费如何支持玻利维亚查科的减贫工作。玻利维亚的查科炎热干燥，贫困现象普遍，土著人民的土地由集体拥有，干旱是农业的一个主要制约因素。因此，情况并不典型的玻利维亚，实际上更像撒哈拉以南非洲。因此，我们期望我们吸取的经验教训将适用于较不发达国家。2.将玻利维亚的经验教训和工具推广到其他安第斯国家，以评估市政主导的生态系统服务补偿的有效性，以及随机对照试验方法对生态系统服务和扶贫干预措施的适用性。我们将利用一个培训来自秘鲁、哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔的200名市政技术人员如何建立小规模生态系统服务付费计划的项目，对外部投入和原始资本对生态系统服务付费发展的重要性进行有控制的评价。开发和测试一个随机对照试验评价工具包，以支持哥伦比亚环境部。我们将与政府的森林和生态系统服务部门合作，帮助制定一个国家生态系统服务补偿计划的监测和评估方案，确保所有市政收入的1%投资于上游流域保护。该提案的基本目标是评估在什么条件下环境服务补偿可以实现可持续发展。第二个目标是开发一系列评价工具，以便在全球范围内应用，帮助项目开发者迅速评估其减贫干预措施的有效性，从而提高其影响。

项目成果

An Evaluation of the Impact of Payments for Ecosystem Services using a Randomized Control Trial

使用随机对照试验评估生态系统服务支付的影响

• DOI: 10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107163
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Jones J

Ecosystems, poverty alleviation and conditional transfers. Guidance for practitioners. International Institute for Environment and Development.

生态系统、扶贫和有条件转移支付。

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Porras, I.

Can Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes reduce deforestation? A robust evaluation example from the Bolivian Andes.

生态系统服务付款计划可以减少森林砍伐吗？

• DOI: 10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107826
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Wiik E

The effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services at delivering improvements in water quality: lessons for experiments at the landscape scale.

• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5753
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: PeerJ
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Pynegar EL;Jones JPG;Gibbons JM;Asquith NM
• 通讯作者: Asquith NM

Large-scale randomized control trials of incentive-based conservation: What have we learned?

基于激励的保护的大规模随机对照试验：我们学到了什么？

• DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104785
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: World Development
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Asquith N