Sharing the benefits of sustainable fisheries: from global to local legal approaches to marine ecosystem services for poverty alleviation

如何将科学转化为法律，以鼓励更可持续的捕鱼，使穷人受益？这个跨学科项目探讨了创新的法律的工具“惠益分享”是否以及如何与海洋生态系统服务的概念相结合，以减少依赖海洋资源实现粮食安全和收入的沿海社会的系统性贫困。惠益分享和生态系统服务是迅速成熟的概念，旨在减少对世界日益减少的自然资本的过度开发。然而，每一个都是在相对孤立的学科中发展起来的，如果放在一起考虑，就失去了潜在的协同作用。渔业仍然是一个争议很大的生态系统服务竞技场，受到一系列复杂而分散的法律的文书的挑战，这些文书影响到发展中国家和小规模渔业社区对海洋资源的获取和管理。海洋生态系统提供丰富鱼类和鱼类产品的能力因不可持续的捕捞做法和相关的生物多样性丧失而受到损害。发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家及其沿海居民最容易受到这些海洋生态系统服务损失的影响，因为他们严重依赖渔业获得收入和食物，是世界上最贫穷的社会之一。假设是，在可持续渔业管理的背景下，将共享作为生态系统服务可持续性的一部分，可以解决国家之间和国家内部的贫穷问题。需要结合科学、政策和法律的研究，以了解惠益分享是否、如何以及在多大程度上能够有效支持发展中国家和这些国家内的小规模渔业社区实现可持续渔业。最终，该项目旨在更好地了解法律在公平管理可持续渔业方面的作用，将其作为一种生态系统服务，从而促进各国之间建立更公平的制度，并促进各国内部的减贫工作，该项目围绕跨学科伙伴关系设计，在国际、国家和地方各级有若干预期受益者。通过其政策产出（思想文件），该项目将使国际决策者受益，将分散在若干文书中的标准转化为可行的指导，以确保相关国际进程的一致性。此外，这些构想将通过澄清惠益分享的法律的安排是否以及如何能够通过养护和可持续管理海洋生态系统来实现可持续生计，使国家立法者和负责在国家和地方两级执行这些指导的管理人员清楚地了解新出现的国际指导。同样，智囊团将以支持与海洋生态系统有关的区域、国家和国家以下各级决策和执行进程的非政府组织、智囊团和双边捐助者为对象。该项目以各级决策者和顾问为对象，旨在使小型渔业社区成为最终受益者除了广泛分发英文、法文和西班牙文的思考稿外，该项目还通过以下方式寻求对非学术利益相关者产生长期影响：在这方面，将采取以下行动：建立其项目网站（包括推特、博客帖子、脸书）;开放获取法律的期刊文章和跨学科编辑文集;在参与该项目的选定国际专家中确定“变革倡导者”。总之，该项目的目标是，以“全球到地方”的法律的办法为重点，指导海洋生态系统服务促进减贫的实际办法。

How can science be translated into law in ways that encourage more sustainable fishing that benefits the poor? This inter-disciplinary project explores whether and how the innovative legal tool "benefit-sharing" can be integrated with the concept of marine ecosystem services to reduce the systemic poverty of coastal societies who depend upon marine resources for both food security and income generation. Benefit-sharing and ecosystem services are rapidly maturing concepts aspiring to reduce overexploitation of the world's diminishing natural capital. Each, however, has evolved in relative disciplinary isolation, missing potential synergies when considered together. Fisheries remain a highly contested ecosystem service arena, challenged by complex and fragmented arrays of legal instruments that affect access to and management of marine resources by developing countries and by small-scale fishing communities. The ability of marine ecosystems to provide abundant fish and fish products has been compromised by unsustainable fishing practices and associated biodiversity loss. Developing countries, especially least developing countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS), and their coastal inhabitants are the most vulnerable to these marine ecosystem services losses, as they are deeply reliant on fisheries for income and food, and are some of the poorest societies in the world.The hypothesis is that benefit-sharing when framed as part of ecosystem service sustainability can address poverty issues among and within States, in the context of sustainable fisheries management. A combination of science, policy and legal research is needed to understand whether, how and to what extent benefit-sharing can effectively support both developing countries and small-scale fishing communities within these countries to achieve sustainable fisheries. Ultimately, this project aims to provide a better understanding of the role of law in equitably regulating sustainable fisheries as a provisioning ecosystem service, thereby contributing to a fairer regime among States, and to poverty alleviation within States.The project is designed around interdisciplinary partnerships, with a number of envisaged beneficiaries at the international, national and local levels. Through its policy outputs (think-pieces), the project will benefit international policy-makers by translating standards dispersed through several instruments into workable guidance to ensure consistency in relevant international processes. Furthermore, the think-pieces will provide a clear understanding of emerging international guidance for national law-makers and managers responsible for their implementation at national and local levels, by clarifying whether and how legal arrangements for benefit-sharing can enable sustainable livelihoods through the conservation and sustainable management of marine ecosystems. Similarly, the think-pieces will target NGOs, think tanks and bilateral donors that support regional, national and sub-national decision-making and implementation processes related to marine ecosystems. By targeting decision-makers and advisors at various levels, the project aims to reach as its ultimate beneficiaries small-scale fishing communities (over 50 million people) in developing countries, especially LDCs and SIDS.In addition to the wide distribution of think pieces in English, French and Spanish, the project seeks long-lasting impacts on non-academic stakeholders through: its project website (including Twitter, blog posts, Facebook); an open-access legal journal article and interdisciplinary edited collection; and the identification of "champions for change" among the selected international experts involved in the project. In sum, the project aims at focusing and guiding practical approaches to marine ecosystem services for poverty alleviation on "global-to-local" legal approaches.