Urban hybriD models for AiR pollution exposure Assessment (UDARA)

空气污染影响着世界人口的健康。世界卫生组织估计，每年有370万人死于室外空气污染(占全球死亡人数的6.7%)，并敦促成员国发展空气质量监测系统和健康登记，以改善对所有与空气污染有关的疾病的监测。建立和维护空气质量监测基础设施的成本可能很高。此外，空气质量监测本身并不能为健康结果或未来的空气质量管理提供强有力的分析基础。印度尼西亚人口稠密的城市地区空气污染造成的健康风险越来越多地与交通活动联系在一起，而森林火灾排放进一步加剧了与空气污染有关的健康影响。这是印度尼西亚的一个重大健康问题，对经济和福利都有影响。为了能够在更广泛的发展、福利和经济目标范围内采取可行的有效控制措施，需要大大改进人口暴露于污染的量化。为了能够实现这种量化，必须确定远程和本地来源污染物的贡献以及确定污染物暴露对健康影响的适当健康数据。Udara项目将是曼彻斯特大学与印度尼西亚3个机构、印度尼西亚国家核能研究所、印度尼西亚国家核能机构和Padjadjaran大学之间的多学科合作，有暴露科学家、大气科学家和健康科学家参与。该项目将开发一种新的方法，为分析空气污染对印度尼西亚城市健康结果的影响提供可靠的暴露估计。它将采用在欧盟逃生项目内开发的新方法，以应对缺乏关于暴露-反应关系的欧洲特有数据，以及通过使用不同的暴露模型将不确定性引入健康结果分析。Escape开发了用于开发和测试Lur模型的标准化协议，同时仍允许足够的灵活性来纳入特定于应用的因素。进一步改进以纳入遥感和化学品运输模型产出，改善了模型在复杂污染气候中的表现，如印度尼西亚所经历的。逃生项目包括开发经典车型和混合车型，但它们在印尼城市地区那种污染气候下的表现尚未得到调查。在乌达拉，我们将在雅加达收集新的数据，雅加达是一个人口稠密的城市，城市排放的污染问题占主导地位，苏门答腊岛的第二个城市受到季节性生物质燃烧的严重影响。高空间分辨率的气体和颗粒物污染物测量以及来自两个3D污染模型的数据将在逃逸方法中使用，以得出这两个城市的污染物暴露估计。我们还将对印尼健康结果数据的质量和数量进行评估，以供后续的流行病学研究使用。因此，UDARA将为评估印尼空气污染暴露的健康结果提供新的方法和可靠的基础。

Air pollution affects the health of the world's population. The WHO estimate that 3.7 million deaths are annually attributable to outdoor air pollution (6.7% of all deaths globally) and urged Member States to develop air quality monitoring systems and health registries to improve surveillance for all illnesses related to air pollution. Establishing and maintaining air quality monitoring infrastructure can be costly. Furthermore, air quality monitoring alone does not provide the basis for robust analysis of health outcomes or onward air quality management.Health risks due to air pollution in densely-populated Indonesian urban areas are increasingly associated with transport activities, whilst forest fire emissions further exacerbate health impacts associated with air-pollution. This represents a major health concern for Indonesia with both economic and welfare implications. In order to enable effective control measures that are feasible within wider development, welfare and economic goals, much improved quantification of the exposure of the population to pollution is required. To enable such quantification, the contributions from long-range and local sources pollutants and the availability of suitable health data to the determine health impacts of pollutant exposure must be established.The UDARA project will be a multidisciplinary collaboration between the University of Manchester and 3 Indonesian Institutions; the Institut Teknologi Bandung, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia and the University of Padjadjaran involving exposure scientists, atmospheric scientists and health scientists. The project will develop a new approach for providing reliable exposure estimates for analysing the impact of air pollution on health outcomes in Indonesian cities. It will employ a new methodology developed within the EU ESCAPE project in response to the lack of European-specific data on exposure-response relationships and the uncertainty introduced into health outcome analyses by the use of varied exposure models. ESCAPE developed standardised protocols for developing and testing LUR models, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to incorporate application specific factors. The further refinement to incorporate remote sensing and chemical transport model outputs has improved model performance in complex pollution climates such as experienced in Indonesia. The ESCAPE project involved the development of both classic and hybrid models but their performance in the sort of pollution climate seen in Indonesian urban areas has yet to be investigated. Within UDARA, we will collect new data in Jakarta, a heavily populated city with a pollution problem dominated by urban emissions, and a second city in Sumatera substantially influenced by seasonal biomass burning. The highly spatially resolved measurements of both gaseous and particulate pollutants and data from two 3D pollution models will be used within the ESCAPE methodology to derive pollutant exposure estimates for the two cities. We will additionally conduct an evaluation of the quality and quantity of Indonesian health outcome data that can be used for subsequent future epidemiological studies.UDARA will thereby provide a new methodology and robust basis for evaluating the health outcomes from air pollution exposure in Indonesia.