RELEASING DIVALENT CATIONS TO SEQUESTER CARBON ON LAND AND SEA

释放二价阳离子以固存陆地和海洋中的碳

• 批准号: NE/P019730/1
• 负责人: Phil Renforth
• 金额: $ 14.17万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP019730%2F1
• 关键词: RELEASING; DIVALENT; CATIONS; SEQUESTER; CARBON

The natural response of the carbon cycle to the warming induced by increased atmospheric CO2 features two negative feedbacks that remove CO2 from the atmosphere. One, caused by the greater acidity of the oceans, is for carbonate minerals to be dissolved, which causes an increase in the ability of seawater to contain carbon (as the bicarbonate ion). The other is for warmer conditions to increase the rate at which silicate minerals dissolve, with the products either precipitated as carbonate minerals, or flowing to the oceans. This silicate weathering also removes CO2 from the atmosphere.Intentional acceleration of these two weathering feedbacks is a potential approach to remove the CO2 added to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels, and therefore alleviate extreme climate change. Such an approach is challenging, however, because to be useful at a significant scale (i.e. 1-10 GtC pa removal), requires a dramatic increase in weathering relative to natural rates. Whether such accelerated weathering is a feasible route to remove significant atmospheric CO2 is unknown. This proposal will address this unknown, and provide a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of CO2 removal by accelerated weathering, including consideration of the technical, economic, environmental, and societal aspects of the approach.The core of our work will be a life-cycle assessment of the enhanced-weathering approaches that might lead to 1-10Gt removal of CO2 per year. This modelling will start from the availability of minerals for weathering, paying particular but not exclusive attention to waste materials from industries such as mining. It will consider how the weathering of these minerals might be enhanced, either through treatment in mining waste piles or, in collaboration with project partners, by addition to soils. It will also consider the fate of the weathered materials, either as carbonate on land or in the sea, or as alkalinity in the sea. It will assess the economic cost of such approaches, the energy requirements, the environmental damage they would cause, and the societal limitations on such approaches (e.g. social acceptability, political, legal, governance).In some key areas, understanding is not yet sufficient to allow this life-cycle assessment. We will address these gaps in knowledge by five specific pieces of research. These will:1. Characterise how much waste material is available for enhanced weathering, including its location, its grain size, and its chemistry and mineralogy. This is critical information to underpin the life-cycle assessment.2. Measure how quickly typical minerals weather and how this weathering rate changes with temperature and, particularly, through addition of microbes that are known to cause accelerated weathering of silicates.3. Assess how best to scale up weathering to the 1-10GtC pa level. This will be done by both modelling of possible engineered approached to weathering, and by experiments on piles of silicate and carbonate minerals (each of 10 cubic meters), in which the conditions are altered and responses measured.4. Assess the response of the ocean to increased alkalinity resulting from enhanced weathering. If more carbonate is produced in the ocean, it reduces the effectiveness of enhanced weathering; we will measure the rates of both inorganic and biological carbonate formation and their impact in the C cycle globally.5. Consider how society will response to possible scenarios for accelerated weathering, and whether this may limit such an approach. Will enhanced weathering be socially acceptable? Will there be the political will to pursue it? Are their legal or governance barriers?Information from these five "research components" will provide critical information for the life-cycle assessment, and thereby allow the overall potential and challenge of enhanced weathering CO2 removal to be fully assessed.

碳循环对大气二氧化碳增加引起的气候变暖的自然反应有两个负反馈，这两个负反馈将二氧化碳从大气中移除。一种是由海洋的更高酸度引起的，是碳酸盐矿物被溶解，这导致海水含有碳的能力增加(作为重碳酸盐离子)。另一种是更温暖的条件，以增加硅酸盐矿物的溶解速度，产物要么以碳酸盐矿物的形式沉淀，要么流入海洋。这种硅酸盐风化也会从大气中去除二氧化碳。有意加速这两种风化反馈是一种潜在的方法，可以消除燃烧化石燃料增加到大气中的二氧化碳，从而缓解极端气候变化。然而，这种方法具有挑战性，因为要在较大范围内使用(即1-10 GTC pa去除)，需要相对于自然风化速率大幅增加。这种加速风化是否是去除大气中大量二氧化碳的可行途径尚不清楚。这项建议将解决这一未知问题，并对通过加速风化去除二氧化碳的可行性进行全面评估，包括对该方法的技术、经济、环境和社会方面的考虑。我们工作的核心将是对增强风化方法进行生命周期评估，这些方法可能导致每年1-10Gt的二氧化碳去除。这个模型将从可用于风化的矿物开始，特别但不是唯一地关注采矿等行业的废物。它将考虑如何通过处理采矿废料堆或与项目伙伴合作增加土壤来加强这些矿物的风化作用。它还将考虑风化材料的命运，无论是陆地上或海洋中的碳酸盐，还是海洋中的碱度。它将评估这种方法的经济成本、能源需求、它们将造成的环境破坏以及社会对这种方法的限制(例如，社会可接受性、政治、法律、治理)。在一些关键领域，理解还不足以进行这种生命周期评估。我们将通过五项具体的研究来解决这些知识差距。这些将：1.描述有多少废物可用于加强风化，包括其位置、颗粒大小以及化学和矿物学。这是支持生命周期评估的关键信息。测量典型矿物风化的速度，以及这种风化速率如何随温度变化，特别是通过添加已知会加速硅酸盐风化的微生物。评估如何最好地将气候变化扩大到1-10GtC pa的水平。这将通过对接近风化的可能的工程模拟，以及对硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物堆(每堆10立方米)的实验来完成，在这些实验中，条件被改变并测量响应。评估海洋对因风化作用增强而增加的碱度的反应。如果海洋中产生更多的碳酸盐，就会降低加强风化的有效性；我们将测量无机碳酸盐和生物碳酸盐的形成速率及其在全球碳循环中的影响。考虑社会将如何应对可能出现的加速风化的情况，以及这是否会限制这种方法。加强气候变化会为社会所接受吗？会有追求这一目标的政治意愿吗？它们是法律或治理障碍吗？来自这五个“研究组成部分”的信息将为生命周期评估提供关键信息，从而使增强风化二氧化碳去除的总体潜力和挑战得到充分评估。

项目成果

Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom

• DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00925-2
• 发表时间: 2022-04-25
• 期刊: NATURE GEOSCIENCE
• 影响因子: 18.3
• 作者: Kantzas, Euripides P.;Martin, Maria Val;Beerling, David J.
• 通讯作者: Beerling, David J.

Specialty Grand Challenge: Negative Emission Technologies

专业大挑战：负排放技术

• DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2019.00001
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Frontiers in Climate
• 作者: Renforth P

CO2 Removal With Enhanced Weathering and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Potential Risks and Co-benefits for Marine Pelagic Ecosystems

• DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2019.00007
• 发表时间: 2019-10-11
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN CLIMATE
• 作者: Bach, Lennart T. T.;Gill, Sophie J. J.;Renforth, Phil
• 通讯作者: Renforth, Phil

The role of soils in the regulation of ocean acidification.

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0174
• 发表时间: 2021-09-27
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Renforth P;Campbell JS
• 通讯作者: Campbell JS

The potential environmental response to increasing ocean alkalinity for negative emissions

• DOI: 10.1007/s11027-018-9830-z
• 发表时间: 2019-10-01
• 期刊: MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE
• 影响因子: 4
• 作者: Gore, Sarah;Renforth, Phil;Perkins, Rupert
• 通讯作者: Perkins, Rupert