RELEASING DIVALENT CATIONS TO SEQUESTER CARBON ON LAND AND SEA

释放二价阳离子以固存陆地和海洋中的碳

• 批准号: NE/P019730/2
• 负责人: Phil Renforth
• 金额: $ 13.35万
• 依托单位: Heriot-Watt University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP019730%2F2
• 关键词: RELEASING; DIVALENT; CATIONS; SEQUESTER; CARBON

The natural response of the carbon cycle to the warming induced by increased atmospheric CO2 features two negative feedbacks that remove CO2 from the atmosphere. One, caused by the greater acidity of the oceans, is for carbonate minerals to be dissolved, which causes an increase in the ability of seawater to contain carbon (as the bicarbonate ion). The other is for warmer conditions to increase the rate at which silicate minerals dissolve, with the products either precipitated as carbonate minerals, or flowing to the oceans. This silicate weathering also removes CO2 from the atmosphere.Intentional acceleration of these two weathering feedbacks is a potential approach to remove the CO2 added to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels, and therefore alleviate extreme climate change. Such an approach is challenging, however, because to be useful at a significant scale (i.e. 1-10 GtC pa removal), requires a dramatic increase in weathering relative to natural rates. Whether such accelerated weathering is a feasible route to remove significant atmospheric CO2 is unknown. This proposal will address this unknown, and provide a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of CO2 removal by accelerated weathering, including consideration of the technical, economic, environmental, and societal aspects of the approach.The core of our work will be a life-cycle assessment of the enhanced-weathering approaches that might lead to 1-10Gt removal of CO2 per year. This modelling will start from the availability of minerals for weathering, paying particular but not exclusive attention to waste materials from industries such as mining. It will consider how the weathering of these minerals might be enhanced, either through treatment in mining waste piles or, in collaboration with project partners, by addition to soils. It will also consider the fate of the weathered materials, either as carbonate on land or in the sea, or as alkalinity in the sea. It will assess the economic cost of such approaches, the energy requirements, the environmental damage they would cause, and the societal limitations on such approaches (e.g. social acceptability, political, legal, governance).In some key areas, understanding is not yet sufficient to allow this life-cycle assessment. We will address these gaps in knowledge by five specific pieces of research. These will:1. Characterise how much waste material is available for enhanced weathering, including its location, its grain size, and its chemistry and mineralogy. This is critical information to underpin the life-cycle assessment.2. Measure how quickly typical minerals weather and how this weathering rate changes with temperature and, particularly, through addition of microbes that are known to cause accelerated weathering of silicates.3. Assess how best to scale up weathering to the 1-10GtC pa level. This will be done by both modelling of possible engineered approached to weathering, and by experiments on piles of silicate and carbonate minerals (each of 10 cubic meters), in which the conditions are altered and responses measured.4. Assess the response of the ocean to increased alkalinity resulting from enhanced weathering. If more carbonate is produced in the ocean, it reduces the effectiveness of enhanced weathering; we will measure the rates of both inorganic and biological carbonate formation and their impact in the C cycle globally.5. Consider how society will response to possible scenarios for accelerated weathering, and whether this may limit such an approach. Will enhanced weathering be socially acceptable? Will there be the political will to pursue it? Are their legal or governance barriers?Information from these five "research components" will provide critical information for the life-cycle assessment, and thereby allow the overall potential and challenge of enhanced weathering CO2 removal to be fully assessed.

碳循环对大气CO2增加引起的变暖的自然反应具有两个从大气中去除CO2的负反馈。一种是由海洋的酸度增加引起的，碳酸盐矿物溶解，这导致海水含有碳（作为碳酸氢根离子）的能力增加。另一个是温暖的条件，以增加硅酸盐矿物溶解的速度，产品要么沉淀为碳酸盐矿物，要么流入海洋。这种硅酸盐风化作用也从大气中去除CO2。有意加速这两种风化作用的反馈是一种潜在的方法，可以去除化石燃料燃烧增加到大气中的CO2，从而缓解极端气候变化。然而，这种方法是具有挑战性的，因为要在显著规模（即1-10 GtC Pa去除）下有用，需要相对于自然速率显著增加风化。这种加速风化是否是去除大气中大量二氧化碳的可行途径尚不清楚。该提案将解决这一未知问题，并提供一个全面的评估的可行性，通过加速风化，包括考虑的技术，经济，环境和社会方面的方法。我们的工作的核心将是一个生命周期评估的增强风化的方法，可能会导致1- 10 Gt的二氧化碳去除每年。该模型将从风化矿物的可用性开始，特别关注但不限于采矿等行业的废料。它将考虑如何加强这些矿物的风化，或者通过在采矿废物堆中进行处理，或者与项目伙伴合作，通过添加到土壤中。它还将考虑风化物质的命运，无论是在陆地或海洋中的碳酸盐，还是在海洋中的碱性。它将评估这些方法的经济成本、能源需求、它们可能造成的环境损害以及对这些方法的社会限制（例如社会可接受性、政治、法律的、治理）。我们将通过五项具体的研究来解决这些知识差距。这些将：1.描述有多少废物可用于增强风化，包括其位置、粒度以及化学和矿物学。这是支持生命周期评估的关键信息。测量典型矿物风化的速度以及这种风化率如何随温度变化，特别是通过添加已知会导致硅酸盐加速风化的微生物。3.评估如何最好地将风化扩展到1- 10 GtC pa水平。这将通过对可能的风化工程方法进行建模以及对硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物堆（每堆10立方米）进行实验来完成，其中改变条件并测量响应。评估海洋对风化作用增强导致的碱度增加的反应。如果海洋中产生更多的碳酸盐，它会降低增强风化的有效性;我们将测量无机和生物碳酸盐形成的速率及其在全球碳循环中的影响。考虑社会将如何应对加速风化的可能情景，以及这是否会限制这种方法。增强的风化作用会被社会接受吗？是否会有政治意愿来实现这一目标？是否存在法律的或治理方面的障碍？来自这五个“研究部分”的信息将为生命周期评估提供关键信息，从而使增强风化CO2去除的总体潜力和挑战得到充分评估。

项目成果

Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom

• DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00925-2
• 发表时间: 2022-04-25
• 期刊: NATURE GEOSCIENCE
• 影响因子: 18.3
• 作者: Kantzas, Euripides P.;Martin, Maria Val;Beerling, David J.
• 通讯作者: Beerling, David J.

The role of soils in the regulation of ocean acidification.

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0174
• 发表时间: 2021-09-27
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Renforth P;Campbell JS
• 通讯作者: Campbell JS

Greenhouse Gas Removal Technologies

温室气体去除技术

• DOI: 10.1039/9781839165245-00138
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Hawrot O

The lithium and magnesium isotope signature of olivine dissolution in soil experiments

• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120008
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: Chemical Geology
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann;P. Renforth;A. Joshua West;M. Murphy;Tu-Han Luu;Gideon M. Henderson

CO2 Removal With Enhanced Weathering and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Potential Risks and Co-benefits for Marine Pelagic Ecosystems

• DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2019.00007
• 发表时间: 2019-10-11
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN CLIMATE
• 作者: Bach, Lennart T. T.;Gill, Sophie J. J.;Renforth, Phil
• 通讯作者: Renforth, Phil