Sources and Impacts of Short-Lived Anthropogenic Chlorine

短寿命人为氯的来源和影响

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/R001782/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2017 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Depletion of stratospheric ozone allows larger doses of harmful solar UV radiation to reach the surface leading to increases in skin cancer and cataracts in humans and other impacts, such as crop damage. Ozone also affects the Earth's radiation balance and, in particular, ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere (LS) exerts an important climate forcing. While most long-lived ozone-depleting substances (e.g. CFCs) are now controlled by the United Nations Montreal Protocol and their abundances are slowly declining, there remains significant uncertainty surrounding the rate of ozone layer recovery. Changes in the LS may cause delayed ozone recovery or even additional depletion, and can also have important effects on climate. One key uncertainty, highlighted in the WMO/UNEP 2014 Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, is the increasing importance of uncontrolled chlorine-containing very short-lived substances (VSLS) which can reach the LS and cause ozone depletion.While significant amounts of brominated VSLS are known to be emitted naturally from the oceans, recent publications also show a rapid, unexpected and unexplained increase in anthropogenic chlorinated VSLS (Cl-VSLS), especially in E and SE Asia. Some of these Cl-VSLS will reach the stratosphere via deep convection in the tropics (through the tropical tropopause layer) or via the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) or the E Asian Winter Monsoon.The Montreal Protocol is arguably the world's most successful environmental agreement. By controlling the production and emission of long-lived ODSs, it has set the ozone layer on the road to recovery. However, short-lived halogenated compounds (lifetimes <6 months) have so far not been included, based on the belief that they would not be abundant or persistent enough to have an impact. Recent observations suggest otherwise; calculations in this proposal suggest that Cl-VSLS may delay the recovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole (to 1980 levels) by up to 30 years. Fortunately, the Montreal Protocol has a regular review process which allows amendments to deal with new threats to the ozone layer and climate, e.g. the recent 2016 success of including limits to the production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).This proposal takes advantage of UEA's heritage in atmospheric halocarbon measurements to obtain novel observations of chlorine compounds in the key E/SE Asia region and in the global mid-upper troposphere. Surface observations will be targeted in the key winter periods when we know that we will be able to detect polluted emissions from China, a likely major emitter of Cl-VSLS globally. We will extend the suite of gases currently measured by the CARIBIC in-service global passenger aircraft to include several newly-identified VSLS. This will allow us to investigate the distribution of these VSLS over a much wider geographical area, to identify source regions and to assess longer term changes in their atmospheric abundance.Our observations will be combined with detailed 3-D modelling at Leeds and Lancaster, who have world-leading expertise and tools for the study of atmospheric chlorine. One model will be used in an 'inverse' mode to trace back the observations of anthropogenic VSLS to their source regions. Overall, the models will be used to quantify the flux of halogenated ozone-depleting gases to the stratosphere and to determine their ozone and climate impact. We will calculate metrics for ozone depletion and climate change and feed these through to the policy-making process (Montreal Protocol) with the collaboration of expert partners. The results of SISLAC will provide important information for future international assessments e.g. WMO/UNEP and IPCC reports.
平流层臭氧的消耗使更大剂量的有害太阳紫外线辐射到达地表,导致人类皮肤癌和白内障的增加以及其他影响,如农作物受损。臭氧还影响到地球的辐射平衡,特别是平流层下部的臭氧消耗产生了重要的气候强迫。虽然大多数寿命较长的消耗臭氧层物质(如氟氯化碳)现在都受到《联合国蒙特利尔议定书》的控制,而且其丰度正在缓慢下降,但臭氧层恢复的速度仍然存在很大的不确定性。LS的变化可能导致臭氧恢复延迟,甚至进一步消耗,也可能对气候产生重要影响。气象组织/环境署2014年平流层臭氧消耗评估中强调的一个关键不确定性是,不受控制的含氯极短寿命物质(VSLS)的重要性日益增加,这些物质可能到达LS并造成臭氧消耗。人为氯化VSLS(Cl-VSLS)的意外和不明原因的增加,特别是在东亚和东南亚。其中一些Cl-VSLS将通过热带的深层对流(通过热带对流层顶)或通过亚洲夏季风(ASM)或东亚冬季风到达平流层。《蒙特利尔议定书》可以说是世界上最成功的环境协议。通过控制长寿命消耗臭氧层物质的生产和排放,它使臭氧层走上了恢复之路。然而,寿命短的卤代化合物(寿命<6个月)迄今尚未被列入,因为人们认为它们的数量不多,也不持久,不足以产生影响。最近的观测表明情况并非如此;本提案中的计算表明,Cl-VSLS可能会将南极臭氧洞的恢复(恢复到1980年的水平)推迟30年。幸运的是,《蒙特利尔议定书》有一个定期审查程序,允许修正案处理对臭氧层和气候的新威胁,例如,最近在2016年成功地限制了氢氟碳化物(HFC)的生产。该提案利用了UEA在大气卤烃测量方面的传统,以获得关键的E/SE亚洲地区和全球中部地区氯化合物的新观测结果。对流层上部地面观测将在关键的冬季进行,届时我们将能够检测到来自中国的污染排放,中国可能是全球Cl-VSLS的主要排放国。我们将扩展目前由CARIBIC在役全球客机测量的气体套件,以包括几种新确定的VSLS。这将使我们能够在更广泛的地理区域内调查这些VSLS的分布,以确定源区域并评估其大气丰度的长期变化。我们的观测结果将与利兹和兰开斯特的详细三维建模相结合,他们拥有世界领先的大气氯研究专业知识和工具。其中一个模型将用于“逆”模式,以追溯到其源区的人为VSLS的观测。总体而言,这些模型将用于量化卤化臭氧消耗气体流入平流层的情况,并确定其对臭氧和气候的影响。我们将计算臭氧消耗和气候变化的指标,并与专家合作伙伴合作,将这些指标纳入决策过程(蒙特利尔议定书)。SISLAC的结果将为今后的国际评估,例如气象组织/环境规划署和气候小组的报告提供重要信息。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(9)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Description and evaluation of the new UM-UKCA (vn11.0) Double Extended Stratospheric-Tropospheric (DEST vn1.0) scheme for comprehensive modelling of halogen chemistry in the stratosphere
用于平流层卤素化学综合建模的新 UM-UKCA (vn11.0) 双扩展平流层-对流层 (DEST vn1.0) 方案的描述和评估
  • DOI:
    10.5194/gmd-2022-215
  • 发表时间:
    2022
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Bednarz E
  • 通讯作者:
    Bednarz E
On the Cause of Recent Variations in Lower Stratospheric Ozone
  • DOI:
    10.1029/2018gl078071
  • 发表时间:
    2018-06
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    5.2
  • 作者:
    M. Chipperfield;S. Dhomse;R. Hossaini;W. Feng;M. Santee;M. Weber;J. Burrows;J. Wild;D. Loyola-D.-Lo
  • 通讯作者:
    M. Chipperfield;S. Dhomse;R. Hossaini;W. Feng;M. Santee;M. Weber;J. Burrows;J. Wild;D. Loyola-D.-Lo
Gravitational separation of Ar/N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and age of air in the lowermost stratosphere in airborne observations and a chemical transport model
Ar/N 的重力分离
  • DOI:
    10.5194/acp-2020-95
  • 发表时间:
    2020
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Birner B
  • 通讯作者:
    Birner B
Unprecedented Spring 2020 Ozone Depletion in the Context of 20 Years of Measurements at Eureka, Canada
加拿大尤里卡 20 年来的测量显示 2020 年春季臭氧消耗史无前例
  • DOI:
    10.1029/2020jd034365
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Bognar K
  • 通讯作者:
    Bognar K
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Martyn Chipperfield其他文献

Stratospheric ozone depletion over the Arctic
北极平流层臭氧消耗
  • DOI:
    10.1038/349279a0
  • 发表时间:
    1991-01-24
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    48.500
  • 作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
  • 通讯作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
SPARC Report N°6 (2013) Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species - Chapter 5
SPARC 报告 N°6 (2013) 平流层消耗臭氧层物质的寿命、其替代品和相关物种 - 第 5 章
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2013
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
  • 通讯作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
Satellite maps ozone destroyer
卫星地图臭氧破坏者
  • DOI:
    10.1038/362592a0
  • 发表时间:
    1993-04-15
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    48.500
  • 作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
  • 通讯作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
Nitrous oxide delays ozone recovery
一氧化二氮延缓臭氧恢复
  • DOI:
    10.1038/ngeo678
  • 发表时间:
    2009-11-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    16.100
  • 作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield
  • 通讯作者:
    Martyn Chipperfield

Martyn Chipperfield的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Martyn Chipperfield', 18)}}的其他基金

Development and application of Earth Observation to support reductions in methane emission from agriculture (EOforCH4)
地球观测的开发和应用以支持减少农业甲烷排放(EOforCH4)
  • 批准号:
    ST/Y000390/1
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Investigating HALocarbon impacts on the global Environment
调查卤烃对全球环境的影响
  • 批准号:
    NE/X003450/1
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Why is Lower Stratospheric Ozone Not Recovering?
为什么平流层低层臭氧没有恢复?
  • 批准号:
    NE/V011863/1
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
EO4AgroClimate: Earth Observation-based and Agro-tech Solutions for Australian Climate Smart Agriculture
EO4AgroClimate:澳大利亚气候智能农业的基于地球观测的农业技术解决方案
  • 批准号:
    ST/W00707X/1
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Pollution and Climate Smart Agriculture in China (PaCSAC)
中国污染与气候智能型农业 (PaCSAC)
  • 批准号:
    ST/V00266X/1
  • 财政年份:
    2020
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Process analysis, observations and modelling - Integrated solutions for cleaner air for Delhi (PROMOTE)
过程分析、观察和建模 - 德里清洁空气综合解决方案(PROMOTE)
  • 批准号:
    NE/P016421/1
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Developing novel approaches for the use of satellite products in air quality impact assessment
开发在空气质量影响评估中使用卫星产品的新方法
  • 批准号:
    ST/M007197/1
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Middle Atmosphere Processes and Lifetime Evaluation for ODSs and GHGs (MAPLE)
ODS 和 GHG 的中层大气过程和寿命评估 (MAPLE)
  • 批准号:
    NE/J008621/1
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Tropospheric halogen chemistry: Reaction mechanisms, processes and global impacts
对流层卤素化学:反应机制、过程和全球影响
  • 批准号:
    NE/J02449X/1
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
PREMIER Mission Support - Leeds
PREMIER 任务支持 - 利兹
  • 批准号:
    NE/H003843/1
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 74.79万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

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