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Sources and Impacts of Short-Lived Anthropogenic Chlorine

短寿命人为氯的来源和影响

基本信息

批准号：
NE/R001782/1
负责人：
Martyn Chipperfield
金额：
$ 74.79万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FR001782%2F1
关键词：
Sources Impacts Short Lived Anthropogenic

项目摘要

Depletion of stratospheric ozone allows larger doses of harmful solar UV radiation to reach the surface leading to increases in skin cancer and cataracts in humans and other impacts, such as crop damage. Ozone also affects the Earth's radiation balance and, in particular, ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere (LS) exerts an important climate forcing. While most long-lived ozone-depleting substances (e.g. CFCs) are now controlled by the United Nations Montreal Protocol and their abundances are slowly declining, there remains significant uncertainty surrounding the rate of ozone layer recovery. Changes in the LS may cause delayed ozone recovery or even additional depletion, and can also have important effects on climate. One key uncertainty, highlighted in the WMO/UNEP 2014 Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, is the increasing importance of uncontrolled chlorine-containing very short-lived substances (VSLS) which can reach the LS and cause ozone depletion.While significant amounts of brominated VSLS are known to be emitted naturally from the oceans, recent publications also show a rapid, unexpected and unexplained increase in anthropogenic chlorinated VSLS (Cl-VSLS), especially in E and SE Asia. Some of these Cl-VSLS will reach the stratosphere via deep convection in the tropics (through the tropical tropopause layer) or via the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) or the E Asian Winter Monsoon.The Montreal Protocol is arguably the world's most successful environmental agreement. By controlling the production and emission of long-lived ODSs, it has set the ozone layer on the road to recovery. However, short-lived halogenated compounds (lifetimes <6 months) have so far not been included, based on the belief that they would not be abundant or persistent enough to have an impact. Recent observations suggest otherwise; calculations in this proposal suggest that Cl-VSLS may delay the recovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole (to 1980 levels) by up to 30 years. Fortunately, the Montreal Protocol has a regular review process which allows amendments to deal with new threats to the ozone layer and climate, e.g. the recent 2016 success of including limits to the production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).This proposal takes advantage of UEA's heritage in atmospheric halocarbon measurements to obtain novel observations of chlorine compounds in the key E/SE Asia region and in the global mid-upper troposphere. Surface observations will be targeted in the key winter periods when we know that we will be able to detect polluted emissions from China, a likely major emitter of Cl-VSLS globally. We will extend the suite of gases currently measured by the CARIBIC in-service global passenger aircraft to include several newly-identified VSLS. This will allow us to investigate the distribution of these VSLS over a much wider geographical area, to identify source regions and to assess longer term changes in their atmospheric abundance.Our observations will be combined with detailed 3-D modelling at Leeds and Lancaster, who have world-leading expertise and tools for the study of atmospheric chlorine. One model will be used in an 'inverse' mode to trace back the observations of anthropogenic VSLS to their source regions. Overall, the models will be used to quantify the flux of halogenated ozone-depleting gases to the stratosphere and to determine their ozone and climate impact. We will calculate metrics for ozone depletion and climate change and feed these through to the policy-making process (Montreal Protocol) with the collaboration of expert partners. The results of SISLAC will provide important information for future international assessments e.g. WMO/UNEP and IPCC reports.

平流层臭氧的耗尽使更大剂量的有害太阳紫外线辐射到达平流层表面，导致人类皮肤癌和白内障增加，并造成其他影响，如对作物的损害。臭氧还影响地球的辐射平衡，尤其是平流层下部的臭氧消耗对气候产生了重要的影响。虽然大多数长寿命的臭氧消耗物质(如氯氟化碳)现在由联合国《蒙特利尔议定书》管制，其丰度正在缓慢下降，但围绕臭氧层恢复的速度仍然存在重大不确定性。LS的变化可能会导致臭氧恢复延迟，甚至造成额外的消耗，还可能对气候产生重要影响。气象组织/环境署2014年《平流层臭氧消耗评估》强调了一个关键的不确定性，那就是不受控制的含氯极短寿命物质(VSLS)的重要性日益增加，这些物质可能会到达LS并造成臭氧消耗。虽然已知有大量的溴化VSLS是从海洋中自然排放的，但最近的出版物也显示，人为氯化VSLS(氯-VSLS)迅速、意外和原因不明地增加，特别是在东亚和东南亚。其中一些氯-VSLS将通过热带深层对流(通过热带对流层)或通过亚洲夏季风(ASM)或东亚冬季风到达平流层。蒙特利尔议定书可以说是世界上最成功的环境协议。通过控制长寿命消耗臭氧层物质的生产和排放，它使臭氧层走上了复苏的道路。然而，短命的卤代化合物(寿命和6个月)迄今没有被包括在内，因为人们认为它们不会足够丰富或持久，不足以产生影响。最近的观察表明情况并非如此；这项提议中的计算表明，氯-VSLS可能会将南极臭氧层空洞的恢复(恢复到1980年的水平)推迟长达30年。幸运的是，《蒙特利尔议定书》有一个定期审查程序，允许进行修订，以应对对臭氧层和气候的新威胁，例如，最近在2016年成功地纳入了对氢氟烃(HFC)生产的限制。这项建议利用UEA在大气卤素测量方面的传统，对关键的东亚/东南亚地区和全球对流层中上层的氯化合物进行了新的观测。地面观测将针对关键的冬季时段，届时我们将能够检测到中国的污染排放，他可能是全球氯-VSLS的主要排放者。我们将扩展CARIBIC在役全球客机目前测量的气体套件，以包括几个新发现的VSL。这将使我们能够调查这些VSLS在更广泛的地理区域的分布，以确定来源区域和评估其大气丰度的较长期变化。我们的观测将与利兹和兰开斯特的详细3D模拟相结合，这两个国家拥有世界领先的大气氯研究专业知识和工具。其中一个模型将被用在“反向”模式中，以追溯人为VSLS的观测结果到它们的震源区域。总体而言，这些模型将被用来量化卤化臭氧消耗气体进入平流层的通量，并确定它们对臭氧和气候的影响。我们将计算臭氧消耗和气候变化的指标，并与专家伙伴合作，将这些指标提供给政策制定进程(《蒙特利尔议定书》)。小岛屿发展中国家和拉丁美洲和加勒比小岛屿发展中国家的结果将为今后的国际评估提供重要信息，例如气象组织/环境署和气专委的报告。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（9）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Description and evaluation of the new UM-UKCA (vn11.0) Double Extended Stratospheric-Tropospheric (DEST vn1.0) scheme for comprehensive modelling of halogen chemistry in the stratosphere

用于平流层卤素化学综合建模的新 UM-UKCA (vn11.0) 双扩展平流层-对流层 (DEST vn1.0) 方案的描述和评估

DOI：
10.5194/gmd-2022-215
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
0
作者：
Bednarz E
通讯作者：
Bednarz E

On the Cause of Recent Variations in Lower Stratospheric Ozone

DOI：
10.1029/2018gl078071
发表时间：
2018-06
期刊：
Geophysical Research Letters
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
M. Chipperfield;S. Dhomse;R. Hossaini;W. Feng;M. Santee;M. Weber;J. Burrows;J. Wild;D. Loyola-D.-Lo
通讯作者：
M. Chipperfield;S. Dhomse;R. Hossaini;W. Feng;M. Santee;M. Weber;J. Burrows;J. Wild;D. Loyola-D.-Lo

Gravitational separation of Ar/N<sub>2</sub> and age of air in the lowermost stratosphere in airborne observations and a chemical transport model

Ar/N 的重力分离