NSFGEO-NERC: Collaborative Research: Multi-scale investigation of rheology and emplacement of multi-phase lava

当火山喷发产生的熔岩流威胁到一个社区时，就像最近在2018年夏威夷基拉韦厄火山喷发期间发生的那样，两个最紧迫的问题往往是：“熔岩会去哪里？”以及“多久才能到达那里？”。该项目旨在通过建立熔岩流变学的定量描述以及它在流动就位过程中如何演变来帮助回答这些问题。简单地说，熔岩流变性决定了熔岩流动的速度和流动的形式。熔岩流使社区流离失所，摧毁房屋和基础设施，在某些情况下对生命构成严重威胁。准确预测熔岩流的就位对减轻和管理危害至关重要。为了实现这一目标，我们必须解决两个关键问题：1)熔岩流变学在就位过程中如何演变；2)流变学如何控制就位。该项目的中心目标是对熔岩流变和就位之间的复杂反馈进行定量描述。2018年基拉韦厄火山东部下裂谷区的喷发，为研究熔岩位置提供了前所未有的机会。在火山喷发期间，无人驾驶航空系统（UAS）拍摄了一组综合时间序列的空中视频，显示了水道化的熔岩（“裂缝8”，或F8流）。录像活动的目的是通过在特定地点上空盘旋并多次访问同一地点来收集“远程流变学”数据。至关重要的是，在火山喷发期间和喷发后不久，在同一地点收集了一套配套的样本。我们的计划通过整合解决一系列尺度的任务来利用关联数据集的价值：KLERZ熔岩的分析和流变学；熔岩类似物的流体动力学实验；数值模拟。综合起来，这些研究将产生一个定量的框架来理解熔岩流的就位。该项目涉及与美国和英国科学家的一项新的国际合作，我们打算在该项目结束后继续进行。大学科学家和美国地质调查局之间的机构间合作将促进和加快将新的学术知识应用于现实世界的挑战。

When a volcanic eruption produces lava flows that threaten a community, as happened recently during the 2018 Kilauea Volcano eruption in Hawai'i, the two most pressing questions are often:"where will the lava go?",and "how soon will it get there?". This project seeks to help answer these questions by building a quantitative description of the rheology of lava and how it evolves during flow emplacement. Simply put, lava rheology determines how quickly the lava will flow and what form the flow will take.Lava flows displace communities, destroy homes and infrastructure, and in some cases present a serious hazard to life. Accurate forecasting of lava flow emplacement is essential to hazard mitigation and management. To achieve this, we must resolve two key issues: 1) how lava rheology evolves during emplacement; 2) how rheology controls emplacement. The central goal of this project is to produce a quantitative description of the complex feedback between lava rheology and emplacement. The 2018 eruption at the lower east rift zone of Kilauea (KLERZ) provides an opportunity to investigate lava emplacement in unprecedented detail. During the eruption, an Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) captured a comprehensive time-series of overhead videos of channelized lava (the "Fissure 8", or F8 flow). The videography campaign was purposefully designed to collect data for 'remote rheometry' by hovering above specific sites and revisiting the same sites on multiple occasions. Crucially, a companion suite of samples was collected from the same sites both during and immediately after the eruption. Our plan leverages the value of the linked data sets by integrating tasks addressing a range of scales: analysis and rheometry of KLERZ lavas; fluid dynamic experiments with lava analogs; numerical modelling. Combined, these studies will produce a quantitative framework for understanding lava flow emplacement.This project involves a new international collaboration with scientists in the USA and the UK, which we intend to continue after this project ends. The inter-agency collaboration between university scientists and the United States Geological Survey will facilitate and expedite the application of new academic knowledge to real-world challenges.