CEH_Open CLimate IMpacts modelling framework (OpenCLIM)

气候变化是21世纪国家和全球面临的主要威胁之一。这需要按照英国《气候变化法》的规定共同应对缓解和适应问题，该法要求每五年进行一次气候变化风险评估(CCRA)，并制定一项五年一度的国家适应计划(NAP)，以适应已确定的气候风险。以一致的方式评估气候风险和适应在科学上具有挑战性，因为气候变化以多种方式(气温和海平面上升、降水变化等)表现出来。并影响到每一个人类和自然系统。此外，还有直接和间接的影响，因为这些影响与经常因非气候进程而发生变化的其他部门相互作用。任何拟议的适应都需要以类似的方式进行评估，包括直接和间接影响以及意外后果。早期的英国气候评估没有完全解决这一挑战，部分依赖专家综合进行整合，可能导致过度关注直接后果，并导致部门之间和适应选择之间的不一致。OpenCLIM项目旨在支持英国对气候风险和适应需求的评估，特别是通过开发和应用联合王国第一个气候影响和适应综合评估来支持未来的CCRA和国家行动方案。首先，我们的目标是开发一个开放、创新和灵活的平台，为下一个CCRA和NAP提供更好的能力。我们的模型将考虑英国范围内的气候影响和生物多样性、农业、基础设施和城市地区的适应，考虑洪水、热应力以及不断变化的温度和降水的影响。它还将考虑两个详细的案例研究：(1)格拉斯哥和周围地区(克莱德)的城市分析；(2)对诺福克布鲁德和周围地区的更农村分析。这些将作为示范和验证工作，为国家分析提供信息。其次，我们还将设计一个具有强大遗产的开放获取平台，该平台具有灵活性，以便在这笔资金之外进一步发展综合模式。我们渴望开发一种社区模式，在这种模式下，可以很容易地纳入新的和改进的模式，并研究创新的科学和新的政策问题。因此，未来的CCRA和国家行动方案可以利用不断发展的理解和利益攸关方的需求，与生命科学进程相联系。这将包括增进现有部门和领域的知识，发展更好的部门联系和互动，以及在较不成熟的部门和领域出现时增加新的模式，包括重新制定框架和提出新问题的能力。认识到实现第二个目标的巨大挑战，我们的模型将在英国国家基础设施数据和分析设施(Dafni)的高性能计算设施内开发。平台将设计为采用英国CP18和新的英国社会经济情景，以确保最佳的科学投入。该办法将明确采用空间方法，并能够以系统和一致的方式突出地理热点地区和确定风险的优先次序，包括制表和绘制产出图。所包含的模型都是基于物理的(而不是模拟器或经验法则)，这将使产生新的研究见解成为可能，包括英国的气候风险。重要的是，使用基于物理的模型将允许对以前没有观察到的情况进行可信的模拟，并与先前的分析相比提高对结果的信心。

Climate change is one of the major threats of the 21st Century both nationally and globally. This requires a joint response of mitigation and adaptation as enshrined in the UK Climate Change Act, which mandates a Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) every five years and a quinquennial National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to adapt to the climate risks that are identified. Assessing climate risks and adaptation in a consistent manner is scientifically challenging as climate change is manifest in multiple ways (rising temperature and sea level, changing precipitation, etc.) and impacts every human and natural system. Further there are direct and indirect impacts as these effects cascade and interact with other sectors which are often changing due to non-climate processes. Any proposed adaptations need to be assessed in a similar manner including direct and indirect effects and unintended consequences. Earlier UK climate assessments did not fully address this challenge relying in part on expert synthesis for integration, potentially leading to an over focus on direct consequences and leading to inconsistencies between sectors and between adaptation options.The OpenCLIM project is designed to support UK assessment of climate risks and adaptation needs, and future CCRAs and NAPs in particular, by developing and applying a first UK integrated assessment for climate impacts and adaptation. First and foremost we aim to develop an open, innovative and flexible platform to provide an improved capacity for the next CCRA and NAP. Our model will consider UK-wide climate impacts and adaptation in biodiversity, agriculture, infrastructure and urban areas, considering the impacts of flooding, heat stress and changing temperature and precipitation. It will also consider two detailed case studies: (1) an urban analysis of Glasgow and environs (the Clyde); and (2) a more rural analysis of the Norfolk Broads and environs. These will serve as a demonstration and validation exercise to inform the national analysis. Secondly, we will also design an open-access platform with a strong legacy which is flexible to allow further development of the integrated model beyond this funding. We aspire to develop a community model where new and improved models could be easily incorporated and innovative science and new policy questions investigated. Hence future CCRAs and NAPs could be linked to a living science process, drawing on evolving understanding and stakeholder needs. This would include improving knowledge in established sectors and areas, and developing better sectoral linkages and interactions, as well as adding new models of less established sectors and areas as they emerge, including the ability to reframe and pose new questions. Recognising the significant challenge of achieving this second goal, our model will be developed within the UKCIRC DAFNI (Data & Analytics Facility for National Infrastructure) facility for High Performance Computing.The platform will be designed to take the UKCP18 and new UK socioeconomic scenarios to ensure the best scientific inputs. The approach will be explicitly spatial and allow highlighting of geographical hotspot areas and the prioritisation of risks in a systematic and consistent manner including tabulation and mapping of outputs. The models that are included are all physically-based (rather than emulators or rules-of-thumb) and this will enable the generation of new research insights, including climatic risks in the UK. Importantly, the use of physically-based models will allow credible simulation of conditions that have not been previously observed and improve confidence in the results compared to earlier analyses.