Breathing City: Future Urban Ventilation Network

空气质量差被广泛认为会影响人类健康和福祉。在整个生命过程中累积暴露于污染物是许多长期健康状况的决定因素，包括痴呆症，心脏病和糖尿病，短期高暴露被证明会加剧哮喘和COPD等疾病，增加心脏病发作和中风的风险，并影响呼吸道感染。最年轻、最年老和有疾病的人面临的风险最大，不平等进一步加剧了这种风险;社会上最贫穷的人往往生活在污染最严重地区质量最低的住房中。人体暴露于空气污染物发生在室内和室外环境。城市空气污染是当地室外污染源（如运输、燃烧、工业）和污染物的区域和大规模大气迁移共同造成的。我们90%的时间都在室内度过，因此室内空气质量是人体暴露的重要组成部分。室内空气质量受气候、天气和外部环境空气质量的影响，此外还受当地室内污染源（如微生物、化学品清洁和个人护理、烹饪、工业过程、建筑材料、供暖和机械系统的排放）以及建筑设计和操作的影响。在所有情况下，室内和室外的空气流动使污染物得以传播，并最终决定了人类的接触程度。因此，了解气流是制定有效缓解行动的核心，特别是在去除污染源的能力有限的情况下。能够预测气流的影响，使人们能够了解污染物如何在城市建筑物内和建筑物之间移动，无论是在正常的日常条件下，还是在应对热浪或野火等紧急情况时。有了正确的计算和测量工具，就有可能改变城市街区的设计或管理，从而改善城市流动，减少污染物的暴露，并创新新的通风解决方案，以控制建筑物的室内环境。虽然有一些方法已经能够评估城市流动和室内流动，但这些方面目前没有以综合的方式一起考虑，也没有侧重于优化健康环境。未来城市通风网络（FUVN）旨在通过定义一种新的整体方法来解决这个问题-呼吸城市。这将定义一种新的综合评估方法，该方法将室内和室外气流结合在一起，以最大限度地减少社区内最容易受到恶劣空气质量影响的人的暴露。该网络将汇集来自一系列学科和应用领域的人们，他们对改善城市和室内空气流动以改善健康有着共同的兴趣。通过小规模的研究和研讨会活动，我们将推进对流体动力学的理解，这决定了这种室内外交换的物理性质。该网络将制定一项研究计划，以解决建模和测量污染物传输方面的技术差距，以及我们如何利用这一点来确定长期和短期暴露于一系列污染物。我们将与行业、政策制定者和公众合作，了解这种方法如何改变城市规划、建筑设计指导和社区行动，以实现基于健康的未来城市通风设计，并为最脆弱的人群“设计”健康风险。

Poor air quality is widely recognised to affect human health and wellbeing. Cumulative exposure to pollutants throughout the life course is a determinant for numerous long term health conditions including dementia, heart disease and diabetes, Short term high exposures are shown to exacerbate conditions such as asthma and COPD, increase risks of heart attacks and stroke and influence respiratory infections. The very young, very old and those with pre-existing conditions are most at risk and inequality further increases this; the poorest in society often live in the lowest quality housing in the most polluted areas. Human exposure to air pollutants occurs in both indoor and outdoor environments. Urban air pollution results from a combination of local outdoor sources (e.g. transport, combustion, industry) and regional and large scale atmospheric transport of pollutants. We spend up to 90% of our time indoors and indoor air quality is therefore a significant part of human exposure. Indoor air quality is influenced by the climate, weather and air quality in the external environment in addition to local indoor sources (e.g. microorganisms, chemicals cleaning and personal care, cooking, industry processes, emissions from building materials, heating and mechanical systems) and the building design and operation. In all cases it is the airflows within and between indoor and outdoor locations that enables the transport of pollutants and ultimately determines human exposures. Understanding airflows is therefore at the heart developing effective mitigating actions, particularly in cases where there is limited ability to remove a pollutant source. Being able to predict the influence of airflows enables understanding of how pollutants are likely to move within and between buildings in a city, both under normal day-to-day conditions and in response to emergencies such as heatwaves or wildfires. With the right computational and measurement tools it is then possible to change the design or management of city neighbourhoods enabling better urban flows to reduce exposure to pollutants and also to innovate new ventilation solutions to control the indoor environment in buildings. While there are a number of approaches that already enable assessment of urban flows and indoor flows, these aspects are not currently considered together in an integrated way or focused on optimising environments for health. The Future Urban Ventilation Network (FUVN) aims to address this by defining a new holistic methodology - the Breathing City. This will define a new integrated assessment approach that considers coupled indoor-outdoor flows together to minimise exposure for people within a neighbourhood who are most at risk from the effects of poor air quality. The network will bring together people from a range of disciplines and areas of application with a common interest in improving urban and indoor airflows to improve health. Through small scale research and workshop activities we will advance the understanding of the fluid dynamics that determines the physics of this indoor-outdoor exchange. The network will develop a research programme to address technical gaps in modelling and measuring pollutant transport and how we can use this to determine long and short term exposures to a range of pollutants. We will work collaboratively with industry, policy makers and the public to understand how this approach could change city planning, building design guidance and community actions to enable health based future urban ventilation design and to "design out" health risks for people who are most vulnerable.