Icy thermometers: the use of glaciers to measure and monitor volcano temperature (HOT ICE)

冰温度计：利用冰川测量和监测火山温度（HOT ICE）

• 批准号: NE/W003724/1
• 负责人: Matteo Spagnolo
• 金额: $ 10.48万
• 依托单位: University of Aberdeen
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FW003724%2F1
• 关键词: Icy; thermometers; use; glaciers; measure

Volcanic eruptions can destroy infrastructure, displace communities, disrupt air travel, damage businesses and, unfortunately too often, take people's lives. Thus, predicting volcanic eruptions has real-world life and death implications. Eruptions are often preceded by increased thermal anomalies, with volcanoes sometimes showing signs of large-scale thermal unrest for years prior to an eruption. These anomalies can be detected from satellite borne infrared sensors data such as Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS). One of the issues with remote sensing based monitoring of volcanoes, is the presence of glaciers, which can mask or distort the thermal signal. This is of particular relevance, given that ice-clad volcanoes can lead to some of the most dangerous eruptions (e.g. triggering of lahars). It is precisely these volcanoes that this proposal is targeting, through the development of a new, international, and truly multidisciplinary collaboration between UK glaciologists, and US and Italian volcanologists. This project will be paradigm shifting as it will use glaciers located on volcanoes as "thermometers", which could (and should) therefore be utilised to improve the monitoring of dangerous, ice-clad volcanoes. The novel idea is based on a preliminary study conducted by the UK team which indicates that the calculated equilibrium line altitude (cELA) of glaciers that sit on volcanoes (volcanic-glaciers from now on) is considerably higher than for proximal "normal" glaciers. This suggests that volcanic-glaciers are impacted by enhanced basal melting due to elevated geothermal heat flux from the underlying volcano such that their dimensions and elevation are restricted. The "hotter" the volcano, the higher the cELA of volcanic-glaciers. In this project we will use state of the art remote sensing techniques developed by our international project partners to analyse ASTER and MODIS thermal imagery and extract the median thermal anomaly of ice-clad volcanoes in South America over a period of 19 years (2002-present). At the same time, we will calculate and analyse the cELA offset between volcanic-glaciers and proximal "normal" glaciers and correlate our results with the volcano thermal anomalies, using state of the art GIS tools developed by the UK team and applied to high resolution digital terrain models. The overall purpose of our project is to develop a much improved, robust, quantitative relationship between volcano thermal anomalies and volcanic-glacier cELAs. Our study aims to analyse all South American volcanoes, active at some point during the Holocene, that host one or more glaciers and also have proximal glaciers from which to extract the regional climate-controlled cELA. First, we will undertake a glaciological analysis to highlight the difference in cELA between volcanic glaciers and proximal, "normal" glaciers. We will then compare our glaciological results with an analysis of both the long- and short-term volcano thermal anomalies.The purpose of this proposal is to foster a productive, international collaboration that will outlast the 2 year duration of the project. Results will constitute a paradigm-shift for the study of ice-clad volcanoes, such that glaciers will no longer be perceived as a hindrance to imaging of longer term thermal anomalies, but may represent a tool with which to measure them. The ultimate ambition is to improve the monitoring of volcano unrest, thus preventing loss of life for many people that live nearby dangerous ice-clad volcanoes.

火山喷发可以摧毁基础设施，使社区流离失所，扰乱航空旅行，破坏企业，不幸的是，往往还会夺走人们的生命。因此，预测火山喷发具有现实世界的生死意义。火山喷发之前往往会出现更多的热异常，火山有时会在喷发前几年显示出大规模热动荡的迹象。这些异常可以从星载红外传感器数据中探测到，例如高级星载热发射和反射辐射计(ASTER)和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)。基于遥感的火山监测的问题之一是冰川的存在，这可能会掩盖或扭曲热信号。鉴于覆盖冰层的火山可能导致一些最危险的喷发(例如引发火山喷发)，这一点特别重要。这项提议正是针对这些火山，通过英国冰川学家与美国和意大利火山学家之间发展一种新的、国际的、真正的多学科合作。该项目将是一种范式转变，因为它将使用位于火山上的冰川作为“温度计”，因此可以(也应该)利用它来改进对危险的冰盖火山的监测。这一新颖的想法是基于英国团队进行的一项初步研究，该研究表明，位于火山(从现在开始的火山-冰川)上的冰川计算出的平衡线海拔(CELA)远远高于最近的“正常”冰川。这表明，火山-冰川受到底部火山地热通量上升导致的底部融化增强的影响，因此其尺寸和海拔受到限制。火山越“热”，火山-冰川的冰盖就越高。在这个项目中，我们将使用我们的国际项目伙伴开发的最先进的遥感技术来分析ASTER和MODIS热图像，并提取19年(2002年至今)南美洲冰盖火山的中位数热异常。同时，我们将使用由英国团队开发并应用于高分辨率数字地形模型的最先进的地理信息系统工具，来计算和分析火山-冰川和近端“正常”冰川之间的CELA偏移量，并将我们的结果与火山热异常相关联。我们项目的总体目的是在火山热异常和火山-冰川CELAS之间建立一个大大改善的、强有力的定量关系。我们的研究旨在分析南美所有在全新世某个时候活跃的火山，这些火山拥有一座或多座冰川，并拥有可从中提取区域气候控制的CELA的近端冰川。首先，我们将进行冰川学分析，以突出火山冰川和近端“正常”冰川之间的冰盖差异。然后，我们将把我们的冰川学结果与对长期和短期火山热异常的分析进行比较。这项建议的目的是促进一种富有成效的国际合作，这种合作将持续两年的时间。研究结果将改变冰盖火山研究的范式，使冰川不再被视为长期热异常成像的障碍，而可能成为测量它们的工具。最终的目标是改善对火山动乱的监测，从而防止生活在危险的冰盖火山附近的许多人失去生命。

项目成果

Icy thermometers: Quantifying the impact of volcanic heat on glacier elevation

冰温度计：量化火山热量对冰川海拔的影响

• DOI: 10.1130/g51411.1
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Geology
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: Howcutt S

Supplemental Material: Icy thermometers: Quantifying the impact of volcanic heat on glacier elevation

补充材料：冰温度计：量化火山热量对冰川海拔的影响

• DOI: 10.1130/geol.s.24008367
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Al. E

Icy thermometers: how volcanic heat affects glacier mass balance

冰冷的温度计：火山热量如何影响冰川质量平衡

• DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13282
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Spagnolo M