TWISTA (The Wide-ranging Impacts of STratospheric smoke Aerosols)

TWISTA(平流层烟雾气溶胶的广泛影响)

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/Y000021/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2024
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2024 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    未结题

项目摘要

There is much new evidence of stratospheric intrusions of smoke from intense pyro-cumulonimbus (pyroCb) events from wildfires. These events appear to be increasing in frequency, intensity and plume height in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The impacts of smoke aerosol on climate may be disproportionately larger than volcanic aerosols that are sporadically injected into the stratosphere because i) they strongly absorb sunlight which may influence stratospheric dynamics and ii) their surface characteristics may enhance their role in heterogeneous chemistry and ozone depletion. Given that the record persistent Antarctic ozone hole and record Arctic ozone depletion of 2020 were preceded by unprecedented wildfires, there is an urgent need to understand their role in the climate system. In the northern hemisphere, the strongest stratospheric smoke events have occurred over the past five years. In 2017, a range of remote sensing observations showed that smoke from the Pacific Northwest event (PNE) persisted at 18-22 km altitude for over 5 months. In 2019-2020, stratospheric aerosol loading was anomalously high owing to sulfate and ash from the Raikoke eruption but there is evidence of a possible significant contribution from smoke from the August 2019 Siberian wildfires (SIB). Record halogen-catalysed Arctic ozone depletion was observed in spring of 2020 with a strong Arctic polar vortex cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form until well until springtime. Research has suggested that, in the absence of the Montreal Protocol which has reduced humanity's emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODSs), we would have had a northern hemisphere ozone hole, similar to that of the Antarctic. In the southern hemisphere, the January 2020 Australian 'Black Summer' (ABS) wildfires were unprecedented in scale and intensity with millions of tonnes of smoke aerosol and associated gases being injected into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Initial injection altitudes reached 16 km and the smoke eventually reached altitudes of up to 36 km (three times higher than the operating altitude of commercial trans-Atlantic jet aircraft. The ascent to remarkably high altitudes resulted from the self-lofting caused by the presence of black carbon (BC) within smoke which absorbs sunlight and heats the air surrounding it. Just like a hot air-balloon, this absorption of sunlight causes the smoke and the surrounding air to rise. Significantly, it appears that this single event caused the largest global mean stratospheric temperature perturbation for three decades. The Antarctic ozone hole in 2020 was extremely deep and persistent, with record low polar stratospheric temperatures and a strong polar vortex.Several chemical fingerprints determined from satellite observations that suggest that the severe ozone depletion in the Arctic, and the record ozone hole in the Antarctic are linked to these wildfire events. This becomes even more worrying when one considers that wildfire frequency, intensity, and plume altitude are all forecast to increase under future global warming scenarios. It could be postulated that all of the hard work that has been performed very successfully under the Montreal Protocol might be undone not through lack of adherence to ODS reductions, but through global warming. If an ozone hole opens up over the northern hemisphere, this could pose a further existential threat to the delicate ecosystem balance that humanity relies upon. Similarly, the dynamical impacts of absorbing aerosols in the stratosphere may directly impact the Earth's surface climate: an enhanced positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation has been modelled in idealised studies which could lead to enhanced flooding in northern Europe and potentially devastating drought over the Iberian Peninsula. It is therefore critical to include these factors and feedbacks in global climate simulations at the earliest opportunity.
有许多新的证据表明,野火产生的强烈火积雨云(pyroCb)事件会导致烟雾侵入平流层。这些事件在北方和南半球的频率、强度和烟羽高度似乎都在增加。烟雾气溶胶对气候的影响可能比偶尔注入平流层的火山气溶胶大得不成比例,因为它们强烈吸收阳光,可能影响平流层的动态,以及它们的表面特性可能增强它们在多相化学和臭氧消耗中的作用。鉴于在2020年创纪录的南极臭氧空洞和北极臭氧消耗之前,发生了前所未有的野火,因此迫切需要了解它们在气候系统中的作用。在北方,过去五年中发生了最强烈的平流层烟雾事件。2017年,一系列遥感观测显示,太平洋西北事件(PNE)产生的烟雾在18-22公里的高度持续了5个多月。在2019-2020年,由于Raikoke火山爆发产生的硫酸盐和火山灰,平流层气溶胶含量非常高,但有证据表明,2019年8月西伯利亚野火(SIB)产生的烟雾可能有重大贡献。在2020年春季观察到了创纪录的卤素催化北极臭氧消耗,强烈的北极极涡足够冷,足以形成极地平流层云(PSC),直到春季。研究表明,如果没有减少人类消耗臭氧层物质排放的《蒙特利尔议定书》,我们就会有一个类似于南极的北方半球臭氧洞。在南半球,2020年1月澳大利亚“黑色夏天”(ABS)野火的规模和强度是前所未有的,数百万吨烟雾气溶胶和相关气体被注入对流层上部和平流层下部。最初的喷射高度达到16公里,烟雾最终达到36公里的高度(比商用跨大西洋喷气式飞机的飞行高度高出三倍)。上升到非常高的高度是由于烟雾中存在的黑碳(BC)引起的自升,黑碳吸收阳光并加热周围的空气。就像热气球一样,这种吸收阳光的行为导致烟雾和周围的空气上升。值得注意的是,这一单一事件似乎造成了30年来最大的全球平流层平均温度扰动。2020年的南极臭氧洞极深且持久,极地平流层温度创纪录低,极地涡旋强烈。卫星观测确定的几种化学指纹表明,北极的严重臭氧消耗和南极创纪录的臭氧洞与这些野火事件有关。当人们考虑到野火的频率、强度和烟羽高度都预计在未来全球变暖的情况下会增加时,这就变得更加令人担忧。可以假定,在《蒙特利尔议定书》下非常成功地开展的所有艰苦工作可能不是由于未能遵守消耗臭氧物质削减,而是由于全球变暖而付诸东流。如果臭氧空洞在北方出现,这可能会对人类所依赖的脆弱生态系统平衡构成进一步的生存威胁。同样,平流层中吸收气溶胶的动力学影响可能直接影响地球表面的气候:在理想化的研究中,北大西洋涛动的正相位增强,这可能导致北方欧洲的洪水加剧,并可能导致伊比利亚半岛的毁灭性干旱。因此,必须尽早将这些因素和反馈纳入全球气候模拟。

项目成果

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James Haywood其他文献

James Haywood的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('James Haywood', 18)}}的其他基金

Exeter-NCAR collaborative Development (EXTEND)
埃克塞特-NCAR 合作开发 (EXTEND)
  • 批准号:
    NE/W003880/1
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
ADVANCE (Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions derived from Degassing VolcANiC Eruptions)
ADVANCE(源自火山喷发脱气的气溶胶-云-气候相互作用)
  • 批准号:
    NE/T006897/1
  • 财政年份:
    2020
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
[Malaysia] IMpacts of PRecipitation from Extreme StormS - Malaysia (IMPRESS - Malaysia)
[马来西亚] 极端风暴降水的影响 - 马来西亚(IMPRESS - 马来西亚)
  • 批准号:
    NE/S002707/1
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
SWAAMI (South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions)
SWAAMI(西南亚气溶胶季风相互作用)
  • 批准号:
    NE/L013878/1
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
CLouds and Aerosol Radiative Impacts and Forcing: Year 2016 (CLARIFY-2016)
云和气溶胶辐射影响和强迫:2016 年 (CLARIFY-2016)
  • 批准号:
    NE/L013797/1
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
IMPALA: Improving Model Processes for African cLimAte
IMPALA:改进非洲气候模型流程
  • 批准号:
    NE/M017265/1
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
SAMBBA (South American Biomass Burning Analysis)
SAMBBA(南美生物质燃烧分析)
  • 批准号:
    NE/J010057/1
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
ACID-PRUF
酸性PRUF
  • 批准号:
    NE/I020113/1
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Increasing Resilience to Icelandic Volcanic Eruptions
提高冰岛火山喷发的抵御能力
  • 批准号:
    NE/I01800X/1
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

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CFHTLS-Wide和CFHTLS-Stripe82观测的弱引力透镜星系团巡天
  • 批准号:
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TWISTA(平流层烟雾气溶胶的广泛影响)
  • 批准号:
    NE/Y000358/1
  • 财政年份:
    2024
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    $ 77.22万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
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  • 批准号:
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