DEVELOPMENTAL CONTINUITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN REACTIVITY IN MONKEYS

本项目通过恒河猴和卷尾猴的纵向比较研究来研究灵长类动物的生物行为发育，特别强调个体对环境新奇和挑战的不同行为和生理反应模式的特征，并确定在不同的物理和社会环境中长大的不同遗传背景的个体的长期发育后果。1999财年(a)期间进行的研究记录了印度和中国血统的恒河猴在血清素转运体基因（5-HTT）特定多态性的相对频率上的显著差异；(b) 5-HTT多态性与早期饲养历史在恒河猴新生儿和婴儿的视觉定向能力和状态控制以及恒河猴少年和成年脑脊液（CSF）初级中枢5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）浓度和攻击行为之间存在显著的相互作用；(c)描述了低CSF 5-HIAA浓度的自由放养恒河猴成年雄性正常昼夜活动模式的破坏，重复了先前圈养对象的研究结果，并记录了这些雄性的死亡率高于其出生队列中的其他雄性；(d)发现恒河猴和尾猴在脑脊液5-HIAA浓度上存在显著的物种差异，这可以预测这两种猕猴在总体攻击性和一般社会性方面的差异；(e)证明成年恒河猴唾液泌乳素浓度与脑脊液5-HIAA浓度高度相关，为评估血清素能功能提供了一种可能的无创方法；(f)有文献证明恒河猴的左撇子与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）活性过高、恐惧和免疫功能受损有关（通过CD4%和CD4/CD8比值评估）；(g)证明CRH 1型受体拮抗剂安那拉明抑制成年雄性恒河猴HPA活性和恐惧行为表现；(h)尽管卷尾猴的HPA活动在发育过程中发生了显著变化，但其幼猴和幼猴之间HPA反应性的个体差异具有发育稳定性；(i)发现了卷尾猴和成年卷尾猴在游戏行为、社会警惕性以及与母亲和同伴互动的相对时间上的显著性别差异，这与之前报道的恒河猴的性别差异相似，尽管这两个物种在社会活动的总体比率、社会群体结构和动态上存在重大差异。-灵长类动物，生物行为发展，个体差异，基因-环境相互作用，血清素，HPA活性

This project investigates primate biobehavioral development through comparative longitudinal studies of rhesus and capuchin monkeys, with special emphasis on characterizing individual patterns of differential behavioral and physiological responses to environmental novelty and challenge and on determining long-term developmental consequences for individuals of different genetic backgrounds reared in different physical and social environments. Research carried out during FY99 (a) documented significant differences between rhesus monkeys of Indian vs. Chinese ancestry in the relative frequency of specific polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT); (b) demonstrated significant interactions between 5-HTT polymorphisms and early rearing history for visual orienting capabilities and state control in rhesus monkey neonates and infants and for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the primary central serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and aggression in rhesus monkey juveniles and adults; (c) characterized disruption of normal circadian activity patterns in free- ranging rhesus monkey adult males with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, replicating previous findings from captive subjects, and documented higher mortality rates for those males than for other males in their birth cohort; (d) identified significant species differences between rhesus monkeys and pigtail macaques in CSF 5-HIAA concentrations that were predictive of differences between these two macaque species in overall aggressivity and general sociality; (e) demonstrated that salivary prolactin concentrations in rhesus monkey adults are highly correlated with CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, providing a possible noninvasive procedure for assessing serotonergic function; (f) documented that left- handedness in rhesus monkeys is associated with excessive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, fearfulness, and impaired immune function (as assessed by CD4% and CD4/CD8 ratios); (g) demonstrated that the CRH type 1 receptor antagonist analarmin suppresses HPA activity and behavioral manifestations of fearfulness in adult male rhesus monkeys; (h) characterized developmentally stable individual differences in HPA responsiveness among capuchin monkey infants and juveniles, despite significant developmental changes in their HPA activity; and (i) identified significant gender differences among capuchin monkey juveniles and young adults in play behavior, social vigilance, and in relative amount of time spent interacting with mothers and peers that parallel gender differences previously reported for rhesus monkeys, despite major differences between the two species in overall rates of social activity and in social group structure and dynamics. - primates, biobehavioral development, individual differences, gene-environment interactions, serotonin, HPA activity