Adaptation Of Laboratory Reared Monkeys To Field Environ

实验室饲养的猴子对野外环境的适应

• 批准号: 6677340
• 负责人: STEPHEN J. SUOMI
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6677340
• 关键词: Cebidae; Macaca mulatta; Puerto Rico; animal developmental psychology; behavioral /social science research tag; controlled environment; environmental adaptation; ethology; field study; longitudinal animal study; social behavior; species difference; telemetry

This project investigates how rhesus monkeys and other nonhuman primate species born and raised under different laboratory conditions adapt to placement into environments that contain specific physical and social features of the monkey's natural habitat. Adaptation is assessed by examining behavioral repertoires and by monitoring a variety of physiological systems in these subjects, yielding broad-based indices of relative physical and psychological well-being. The responses of subjects to experimental manipulation of selected features of their respective environments are also assessed in similar fashion. Whenever possible, field data are collected for appropriate comparisons. An additional focus is on investigating the cognitive, behavioral, and social processes involved in adaptation to new settings or circumstances. In this program of research adaptation is assessed by examining behavioral repertoires and by monitoring a variety of physiological systems in monkeys throughout the lifespan, yielding broad-based indices of relative physical and psychological well-being. This past year we completed the analysis of data collected on mother-offspring pairs of rhesus monkeys residing in two free-ranging social groups at the field site at Cayo Santiago, PR throughout the offsprings' first two years of life to determine the degree to which individual differences in their behavior were related to individual differences in a variety of psychophysiological, endocrine, and morphometric measures in the offspring and in their mothers. Offspring showed stable individual differences in heart rate following capture for veterinary examination from their first to second year, as well as in plasma concentrations of cortisol and prolactin and in virtually all morphometric measures. Body mass index and plasma concentrations of cortisol and growth hormone in offspring and their mothers were unrelated when the offspring were yearlings but became significantly correlated by the time the offspring were two years old. Mothers with low cortisol levels punished their infants more, whereas mothers with high cortisol levels showed the highest rate of infant carrying. Offspring exhibiting the highest frequencies of agitated behavior throughout the study also exhibited the highest cortisol levels following capture. These findings suggest that morphological and physiological patterns of mothers are related to their offsprings' behavior and physiology via developmental experience as well as through genetic/intrauterine factors. The relationships between measures of neurobiological functioning and various dimensions of maternal behavior were also investigated in a ongoing study of rhesus monkey mother-offspring pairs living in the species-normative social group maintained in the LCE's 5-acre field enclosure at the NIHAC. CSF samples were collected from mothers when their infants were 3-5 months of age and assayed for 5-HIAA and HVA; the resulting values were then compared with different aspects of maternal behavior recorded when their infants were 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 months old, respectively. Measures of maternal protectiveness and infant restraint during the latter two time periods were negatively correlated with both mothers'5-HIAA and HVA concentrations. In contrast, measures of two forms of active infant rejection were positively correlated with concentrations of both monoamine metabolites during the latter two time periods, whereas the rate of passive rejections was not significantly related to concentrations of either metabolites during any time period. Another study investigating mother-infant relationships in rhesus monkeys housed in the LCE field enclosure compared primiparous with multiparous females with respect to various aspects of their maternal behavior and that of their infants. Offspring of multiparous females were more active than were primiparous infants during their first month of life, initiating and breaking contact with and approaching and leaving their mothers more frequently than their primiparous counterparts. Primiparous mothers exhibited higher rates of initiating ventral contact with their infants, as well as initiating nipple contact, throughout most of their infant's first 5 months of life. These findings parallel parity differences in mother-infant relationships previously reported from field studies of rhesus monkeys and several other Old World monkey species. Finally, a study examining continuity and change in patterns of adrenocortical functioning throughout the juvenile years in rhesus monkeys reared in 3 different physical and social environments for their first 7 months of life but thereafter placed together and subsequently maintained in large peer groups was completed and the results accepted for publication. Monkeys from all 3 rearing conditions (mother-peer, surrogate-peer, and peer-only) exhibited significant increases in plasma cortisol over their first 5 months but then showed steady declines from 1 to 3 years of age; females consistently had higher concentrations than males at all ages. Plasma cortisol levels of surrogate-peer reared subjects were lower than were those of their mother-peer reared counterparts (with peer-only reared subjects intermediate) during the first month of life but not at later ages. Juvenile cortisol levels were significantly correlated with infant levels in all samples collected after two weeks of age, indicating long-term developmental stability of individual differences. Saliva samples were collected from a subset of these subjects at 1, 2, and 3 years. Analysis of salivary cortisol concentrations from this subgroup revealed a significant age-related decline, as well as lower levels for surrogate-peer reared monkeys at each age, but no significant sex differences at any age. Comparison of salivary and plasma cortisol values obtained from the same subjects yielded a highly significant positive correlation.

该项目研究了恒河猴和其他非人类灵长类动物在不同的实验室条件下出生和长大，如何适应放置到包含猴子自然栖息地特定物理和社会特征的环境中。通过检查行为剧目，并通过监测这些科目的各种生理系统，产生相对的身体和心理健康的基础广泛的指数来评估适应。受试者对各自环境中选定特征的实验操作的反应也以类似的方式进行评估。只要有可能，就收集实地数据，以便进行适当的比较。另一个重点是研究适应新环境或环境所涉及的认知，行为和社会过程。在这项研究计划中，通过检查行为剧目和监测猴子一生中的各种生理系统来评估适应性，从而产生相对生理和心理健康的广泛指数。在过去的一年里，我们完成了对居住在两个自由放养的社会群体中的恒河猴母子对的数据分析，这些群体位于波多黎各圣地亚哥的卡约，在后代生命的头两年，以确定其行为的个体差异与各种心理生理，内分泌，以及对后代和母亲的形态测量。后代表现出稳定的个体差异的心率捕获后，兽医检查从第一年到第二年，以及血浆皮质醇和催乳素浓度，几乎所有的形态测量。体重指数和血浆皮质醇和生长激素的浓度在后代和他们的母亲是无关的，当后代是一岁，但成为显着相关的时间的后代是2岁。皮质醇水平低的母亲惩罚婴儿更多，而皮质醇水平高的母亲携带婴儿的比例最高。在整个研究中表现出最高频率的激动行为的后代在捕获后也表现出最高的皮质醇水平。这些发现表明，母亲的形态和生理模式通过发育经验以及遗传/宫内因素与其后代的行为和生理有关。 在一项正在进行的研究中，恒河猴母子对生活在物种规范的社会群体保持在LCE的5英亩的领域外壳在NIHAC的神经生物学功能和各种维度的母性行为的措施之间的关系也进行了调查。当婴儿3-5个月大时，从母亲那里收集CSF样本，并测定5-HIAA和HVA;然后将所得值与婴儿1-3、4-6和7-9个月大时记录的母亲行为的不同方面进行比较。在后两个时间段的产妇保护和婴儿约束措施与母亲的5-HIAA和HVA浓度呈负相关。相反，两种形式的主动婴儿排斥反应的措施呈正相关，在后两个时间段的单胺代谢物的浓度，而被动排斥反应的速度是没有显着相关的任何时间段的代谢物的浓度。另一项研究调查了圈养在LCE野外围栏中的恒河猴的母婴关系，比较了单胎和多胎雌性的母亲行为和婴儿行为的各个方面。在出生后的第一个月，经产女性的后代比经产婴儿更活跃，开始和中断与母亲的接触，接近和离开母亲的频率比经产婴儿更高。在婴儿出生后的前5个月，初产母亲与婴儿的腹侧接触以及乳头接触的发生率较高。这些发现与先前对恒河猴和其他几种旧大陆猴物种的实地研究中报道的母婴关系的奇偶性差异平行。最后，完成了一项研究，该研究检查了在3种不同的物理和社会环境中饲养的恒河猴在幼年时期肾上腺皮质功能模式的连续性和变化，这些恒河猴在生命的前7个月，但此后被放在一起，随后被维持在大型同龄群体中。所有3种饲养条件（母亲同行，代理同行，同行唯一）的猴子在前5个月的血浆皮质醇显着增加，但随后显示出稳定的下降，从1岁到3岁;女性始终有较高的浓度比男性在所有年龄。血浆皮质醇水平的代理同行饲养的主题低于他们的母亲同行饲养的同行（与同行只饲养的主题中间）在第一个月的生活，但不是在以后的年龄。少年皮质醇水平显着相关，在两周后收集的所有样本中的婴儿水平，表明长期发展的个体差异稳定。在1年、2年和3年时，从这些受试者的一个子集中收集唾液样本。唾液皮质醇浓度从这个亚组的分析显示，一个显着的年龄相关的下降，以及较低的水平，在每个年龄的代理同行饲养的猴子，但没有显着的性别差异在任何年龄。唾液和血浆皮质醇值从相同的主题得到了一个非常显着的正相关性比较。