Experimental Particle Physics Consolidated Grant 2019

2019年实验粒子物理综合补助金

• 批准号: ST/S000879/1
• 负责人: Themistocles Bowcock
• 金额: $ 914.25万
• 依托单位: University of Liverpool
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FS000879%2F1
• 关键词: Experimental; Particle; Physics; Consolidated; Grant

Fundamental physics strives to answer the big questions: what is our Universe made of; how did it evolve; what forces govern it and how do they shape the phenomena we observe? In particle physics we build experiments to examine the smallest constituents of the universe, fundamental particles, so that we can address these questions with our findings.Our knowledge of how fundamental particles behave is encapsulated in a theory called the Standard Model. It has enormous predictive power and provides a simple framework to understand the nature of the universe, however, we also know the theory is incomplete. With experiments at the highest energies, we test predictions to determine the limits of our understanding and the validity of our theory. With dedicated precision experiments we probe predictions at incredible levels of accuracy. The faintest trace of any disagreement between theory and data could indicate a discovery of new types of physics, and a step forward in understanding the nature of the Universe.One of the most pressing questions we have concerns why matter should dominate so much over anti-matter in the Universe. Matter and anti-matter should have been created in equal quantities in the early Universe, but very little anti-matter occurs naturally now. The difference in behaviour between matter and anti-matter that caused this is a mystery, and a defining feature of our universe. Without this difference galaxies and planets could not form, and life could not exist. We think neutrinos may hold the key to understanding why it happened. Neutrinos, discovered almost a century ago, are the most evanescent of particles. They have no charge, barely interact with matter and were long thought to have no mass at all (like a photon). To detect them we have had to build enormous but very sensitive detectors. Our experiments show that neutrinos have a very small mass; it is this that might cause the preponderance of matter over anti-matter. An important part of our research is to make detailed measurements of neutrinos, to understand their masses and if they are responsible for our matter-dominated universe. The discovery of the Higgs particle marks a new era in our understanding. It confirms the existence of a fundamentally new entity that pervades all of nature and gives mass to elementary particles. Without the Higgs electrons could not bind to protons to make hydrogen atoms, and without atoms our universe would be a very different, lifeless place. In our experiments, we study the Higgs to measure and understand its behaviour. We are motivated by the fascinating possibility that the Higgs may help us understand the dark side of the universe; the mysterious dark matter. It has long been known that there are not enough stars visible in galaxies to explain the speed at which stars rotate around them. Our best explanation is that galaxies also contain massive, invisible (dark) matter which supplies the extra gravitational glue necessary to keep stars in their orbits. Calculations suggest this dark matter forms five times as much of the universe as the matter we see. The Higgs could interact with dark matter, giving us a way to illuminate the dark sector of the universe for the first time. Astrophysical observations also suggest that the Universe's expansion is accelerating, as if there is pressure created by space itself. How this happens is not yet understood, although it has been suggested that an unknown (dark) energy permeating the universe could cause the acceleration. Dark energy, together with dark matter, form 95% of the universe. In other words, we have only studied and understood 5% of the cosmos in our existing experiments. It is imperative that we understand more, and we have joined new experiments to investigate dark energy, discover new physics, and ultimately uncover the nature of the Universe.

基础物理学致力于回答大问题：我们的宇宙是由什么组成的;它是如何进化的;什么力量支配着它，以及它们如何塑造我们观察到的现象？在粒子物理学中，我们建立实验来研究宇宙中最小的组成部分，基本粒子，这样我们就可以用我们的发现来解决这些问题。我们对基本粒子行为的了解被封装在一个称为标准模型的理论中。它具有巨大的预测能力，并提供了一个简单的框架来理解宇宙的性质，然而，我们也知道这个理论是不完整的。通过最高能量的实验，我们测试预测，以确定我们理解的极限和我们理论的有效性。通过专门的精密实验，我们以令人难以置信的准确度探索预测。理论和数据之间哪怕是最细微的分歧，都可能意味着发现了新的物理学类型，并在理解宇宙本质方面向前迈进了一步。我们最紧迫的问题之一是，为什么宇宙中的物质会比反物质占主导地位。在早期宇宙中，物质和反物质应该是等量的，但现在自然产生的反物质很少。造成这一现象的物质和反物质之间的行为差异是一个谜，也是我们宇宙的一个定义性特征。没有这种差异，星系和行星就不可能形成，生命也不可能存在。我们认为中微子可能是理解它发生的关键。中微子发现于近世纪前，是最易逝的粒子。它们不带电荷，几乎不与物质相互作用，长期以来一直被认为根本没有质量（就像光子一样）。为了探测它们，我们不得不建造巨大但非常灵敏的探测器。我们的实验表明，中微子的质量非常小，这可能是物质比反物质占优势的原因。我们研究的一个重要部分是对中微子进行详细的测量，了解它们的质量，以及它们是否对我们的物质主导的宇宙负责。希格斯粒子的发现标志着我们认识的一个新时代。它证实了一个全新的实体的存在，这个实体遍布整个自然界，并赋予基本粒子质量。如果没有希格斯粒子，电子就不能与质子结合形成氢原子，如果没有原子，我们的宇宙将是一个非常不同的、没有生命的地方。在我们的实验中，我们研究希格斯粒子以测量和理解它的行为。希格斯玻色子可能帮助我们了解宇宙的黑暗面，神秘的暗物质，这一令人着迷的可能性激励着我们。人们早就知道，星系中没有足够的可见恒星来解释恒星围绕它们旋转的速度。我们最好的解释是，星系也包含大量的、不可见的（暗）物质，这些物质提供了将恒星保持在轨道上所必需的额外引力粘合剂。计算表明，这种暗物质形成的宇宙是我们所看到的物质的五倍。希格斯玻色子可以与暗物质相互作用，让我们第一次照亮宇宙的黑暗部分。天体物理学观测还表明，宇宙的膨胀正在加速，就像空间本身产生的压力一样。这是如何发生的还不清楚，尽管有人认为，一种未知的（暗）能量渗透到宇宙中可能导致加速。暗能量和暗物质构成了宇宙的95%。换句话说，在我们现有的实验中，我们只研究和了解了宇宙的5%。我们必须了解更多，我们已经加入了新的实验来研究暗能量，发现新的物理学，并最终揭示宇宙的本质。

项目成果

Search for excited electrons singly produced in proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} ~=~13~\text {Te}\text {V}$$ with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC

利用大型强子对撞机的 ATLAS 实验，在 $$sqrt{s} ~=~13~ ext {Te} ext {V}$$ 处搜索质子-质子碰撞中单独产生的激发电子

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7295-1
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M

Measurement of $$W^{\pm }Z$$ production cross sections and gauge boson polarisation in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {TeV}$$ with the ATLAS detector

使用 ATLAS 探测器在 $$sqrt{s} = 13~ ext {TeV}$$ 处测量 pp 碰撞中的 $$W^{pm }Z$$ 产生截面和规范玻色子极化

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7027-6
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M

Erratum to: Measurements of W and Z boson production in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

勘误表：使用 ATLAS 探测器在 $$sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV 时测量 pp 碰撞中 W 和 Z 玻色子的产生

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6870-9
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M

Measurement of the relative B c ± / B ± production cross section with the ATLAS detector at s = 8 TeV

使用 ATLAS 探测器在 s = 8 TeV 下测量相对 B c ± / B ± 生产截面

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.012010
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Aaboud M

Comparison of Fragmentation Functions for Jets Dominated by Light Quarks and Gluons from pp and Pb+Pb Collisions in ATLAS.

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.042001
• 发表时间: 2019-02
• 期刊: Physical review letters
• 影响因子: 8.6
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