权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Psychosocial development in gender nonconforming children

性别不一致儿童的心理社会发展

基本信息

批准号：
1916682
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
King's College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-1916682
关键词：
Psychosocial development gender nonconforming children

项目摘要

Gender expression refers to the way that children experience and express themselves in a masculine or feminine way, through their interests, friendships and clothing choices (Collaer & Hines, 1995). Those who do not follow the social norms expected for their biological sex are referred to as 'gender nonconforming'. Recalled experience of childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) has been associated with a number of negative outcomes, including poorer mental health (Alanko et al., 2009; Roberts, Rosario, Corliss, Koenen & Austin, 2012; Roberts, Rosario, Slopen, Calzo & Austin, 2013), poorer relationships with parents (Alanko et al., 2009), and poorer relationships with peers (Roberts et al., 2013).While these studies have helped to develop understanding of the consequences of CGN later in life, they are limited by the fact that their measures of CGN are all retrospective. This means that these could be affected by recall bias. Memories of childhood behaviours and experiences may be changed to better fit with the identity that is currently experienced (Alanko et al., 2009). To resolve the causal direction of this relationship, longitudinal data is needed, including CGN measured in childhood. There are currently no prospective studies investigating the role of childhood reported CGN on mental health and wellbeing in adolescence and adulthood.Data from a birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), will be used in the proposed research to assess the prospective relationship between CGN as reported in childhood with a number of these outcomes. This will confirm the direction of causation of the relationships described above. CGN was reported by mothers when children were aged 30 months, 42 months and 57 months, and by children at 8 years. Psychiatric diagnoses were measured at ages 7, 10, 13, 16 and 17, and educational outcomes at GCSE level.With regard to potential mediators, the parent-child relationship was reported by parents at age 6 and 16, and by children at age 9 and 14. Children's reports of friends and peersat ages 8, 10, 12, and 17. Self-esteem was measured at ages 11 and 17.Given previous findings suggesting a possible mediation of the relationship between CGN and poorer health or educational outcomes by factors such as bullying (Roberts et al., 2013) or low self-esteem, mediation models will be analysed using the ALSPAC data. These will be assessed using mediational analysis based on path and structural equation modelling (SEM). This will help to understand the longitudinal relationship between the different variables being studied. Due to the nature of longitudinal data sets, participant drop-out and missing data is common. Multiple imputation techniques will be applied to resolve this issue.In addition to the quantitative analysis of the ALSPAC data, qualitative data will be collected to investigate in more depth the associations between CGN and distress. Collecting qualitative data from those with CGN will help to develop a more nuanced understanding of how parents and peers reacted to the CGN, and whether this contributed to any distress or mental health outcomes in participants. In addition to conducting interviews with the children with CGN, interviews will also be performed with parents to assess their perspective on the CGN. This will not only add further information, but will help to highlight whether there are discrepancies between how the children and their parents feel about the gender nonconformity. These findings, together with the quantitative analysis, will help to develop an understanding of how and when CGN leads to negative outcomes in mental health and relationships. This will have important implications for those who work with children, such as teachers, social workers and healthcare providers. If the triggers of these negative outcomes can be identified early on, this may reduce the later impact on mental health and poor relationships.

性别表达是指儿童通过兴趣、友谊和服装选择以男性或女性的方式体验和表达自己的方式（Collaer & Hines，1995）。那些不遵守生理性别预期社会规范的人被称为“性别不合格者”。童年性别不一致（CGN）的回忆经历与许多负面结果有关，包括心理健康状况较差（Alanko et al., 2009；Roberts, Rosario, Corliss, Koenen & Austin, 2012；Roberts, Rosario, Slopen, Calzo & Austin, 2013）、与父母的关系较差（Alanko et al., 2009）以及与同龄人的关系较差（Roberts 等人，2013）。虽然这些研究有助于加深对 CGN 在以后生活中的后果的理解，但它们对 CGN 的测量都是回顾性的，因此受到限制。这意味着这些可能会受到回忆偏差的影响。童年行为和经历的记忆可能会改变，以更好地适应当前经历的身份（Alanko et al., 2009）。为了确定这种关系的因果方向，需要纵向数据，包括儿童时期测量的 CGN。目前还没有前瞻性研究调查儿童报告的 CGN 对青春期和成年期心理健康和福祉的作用。拟议的研究将使用来自出生队列研究、雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究 (ALSPAC) 的数据来评估儿童报告的 CGN 与许多这些结果之间的前瞻性关系。这将确认上述关系的因果关系的方向。母亲在孩子 30 个月、42 个月和 57 个月时报告 CGN，孩子在 8 岁时报告。精神科诊断在 7、10、13、16 和 17 岁进行测量，教育成果在 GCSE 水平进行测量。关于潜在中介因素，亲子关系由 6 岁和 16 岁的父母以及 9 岁和 14 岁的儿童报告。儿童在 8、10、12 和 17 岁测量朋友和同龄人的报告。自尊在 11 岁和 11 岁测量。 17. 鉴于先前的研究结果表明 CGN 之间的关系可能存在中介作用欺凌（Roberts 等，2013）或低自尊等因素导致的健康或教育结果较差，我们将使用 ASPAC 数据对中介模型进行分析。这些将使用基于路径和结构方程模型（SEM）的中介分析进行评估。这将有助于理解所研究的不同变量之间的纵向关系。由于纵向数据集的性质，参与者退出和丢失数据很常见。将应用多种插补技术来解决这个问题。除了ALSPAC数据的定量分析外，还将收集定性数据以更深入地研究CGN与遇险之间的关联。从患有 CGN 的人那里收集定性数据将有助于更细致地了解父母和同龄人对 CGN 的反应，以及这是否会导致参与者的任何痛苦或心理健康结果。除了对 CGN 儿童进行访谈外，还将对家长进行访谈，以评估他们对 CGN 的看法。这不仅会增加更多信息，而且有助于强调孩子和父母对性别不一致的看法是否存在差异。这些发现与定量分析一起，将有助于了解 CGN 如何以及何时导致心理健康和人际关系方面的负面结果。这将对教师、社会工作者和医疗保健提供者等从事儿童工作的人员产生重要影响。如果能够及早发现这些负面结果的触发因素，可能会减少以后对心理健康和不良人际关系的影响。