NONNORMATIVE PARENTING IMPACTS IN MIDLIFE AND OLD AGE

描述(由申请者提供)：这项研究建立在一笔小额拨款的进展之上 并使用威斯康星州纵向研究(WLS)来调查非规范性养育的长期影响。有发育障碍(DD)或精神分裂症的孩子的父母，或者经历过孩子死亡的父母，将作为父母的父母在父母素养和幸福感方面与未受影响的父母进行比较？S从中年过渡到早退休年龄。使用一套新的筛查措施，这些群体中的父母将在WLS队列中被识别出来。受影响的WLS父母将与未受影响的父母进行比较，以控制在非规范育儿事件发生之前父母群体之间的差异。这些分析将包括群体内经历了非规范育儿挑战的WLS父母的异质性部分，生命过程中不同阶段的横断面群体比较，以及非规范育儿经历对生命过程轨迹和结果的影响的纵向分析。这项研究有四个具体目的：(1)调查患有痴呆症或精神分裂症的儿童的父母以及失去孩子的父母与未受影响的父母有何不同 (2)调查这些非规范性育儿事件的发生时间对父母的人生轨迹和幸福的影响；(3)考察生育残疾子女或经历子女死亡对母亲和父亲的不同影响；以及(4)利用NSFH调查的数据重复这些分析，以便将世界儿童基金会的调查结果与在更大年龄范围的全国样本中获得的结果进行比较。本研究将生命历程视角与压力和应对框架中的过程和变化模型相结合，以理解与非规范育儿经历相关的终身适应模式。WLS提供了一个前所未有的机会来研究非标准化育儿的影响，样本是在事件发生之前招募和评估的，因此不太容易受到限制先前研究的自我选择偏见的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research builds on the progress of a small grant and uses the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to investigate the long-range effects of non-normative parenting. Parents who have either a child with a developmental disability (DD) or schizophrenia, or who have experienced the death of a child, will be compared with unaffected parents with respect to parental attainment and well being as the parent?s transition from midlife to the early retirement years. Using a new set of screening measures, parents in these groups will be identified in the WLS cohort. Affected WLS parents will be compared with unaffected parents, controlling for differences among the parent groups before the non-normative parenting event occurred. The analyses will include within group ssessments of heterogeneity among WLS parents who experienced a nonnormative parenting challenge, cross-sectional group comparisons at various points in the life course, and longitudinal analyses of the effects of non-normative parenting experiences on the life course trajectories and outcomes. The study has four specific aims: (1) to investigate how parents of children with DD or schizophrenia and parents who have lost a child to death differ from parents of unaffected children in midlife and in the transition to retirement; (2) to investigate the effect of the timing of these non-normative parenting events on parental life course trajectories and well-being; (3) to examine the differential impact on mothers versus fathers of having a child with a disability or experiencing the death of a child; and (4) to replicate these analyses using data from the NSFH survey in order to compare the WLS findings to those obtained in a national sample with a broader age range. The proposed research integrates the life course perspective with models of process and change from the stress and coping framework to understand life-long patterns of adaptation associated with non-normative parenting experiences. The WLS provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of non-normative parenting for a sample that was recruited and assessed before the events occurred, and is thus less vulnerable to the self- selection biases that constrained previous research.