Does Narcissism Determine the Type of Faces We Find Attractive?

自恋是否决定了我们认为有吸引力的面孔类型？

• 批准号: 2126013
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Imperial College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2126013
• 关键词: Does; Narcissism; Determine; Type; Faces

General background. Computer simulations suggest that sex among genetically complex organisms requires mate-choice strategies to reduce excessive genetic variance produced by out-crossing (Alvarez, 2004), while also avoiding "inbreeding depression" that might lead to an increased frequency of maladaptive recessive traits (Bovet et al., 2012). In addition, individuals would also be expected to select mates with compatible behavioural and sociocultural traits, signalled in some cases by physical appearance (e.g., sexually dimorphic male features have been linked to aggression and dominance). Consequently, mating should follow an assortative (i.e., non-random) pattern in which individuals attempt select for both sociocultural and genetic compatibility, the latter of which is usually characterised by "optimal outbreeding" involving the selection of mates that are subtly but not excessively similar to oneself. Research demonstrates a general trend toward positive assortative mating in many species, including humans and other primates.Face shape assortment. Face shape provides a useful axis of assortment for identifying compatible partners. Genetically, facial morphology is relatively stable across the adult lifespan compared to many other physical traits, suggesting that it is a fairly reliable signal of underlying genetic characteristics, and, in humans, cross-cultural studies have linked facial morphology to specific areas of the genome. Behaviourally, human face shape is associated with a wide range of traits, including dominance, empathy, generosity, and sexual fidelity, suggesting that it also signals information about social compatibility. Current research provides evidence of positive assortment (i.e., selecting similar traits) for face shape in humans. For example, Laeng et al. (2013) showed that people find their current partner's faces more attractive when morphed with 22% of their own features. In several studies, the faces of couples were judged more similar to one another by observers than the faces of random pairs (Alvarez et al. 2004; Zajonc et al. 1987; Wong et al. 2018).Research opportunity. There are several gaps in the literature on facial assortative mating that will be address in this project. First, studies demonstrating positive assortment for face shape have tended to focus on "global similarity" between faces, rather than the specific aspects of facial morphology (i.e., the size, shape, and configuration of specific features) that might signal compatibility. Second, most studies have used 2D facial images, which are unable to capture the morphological 3D detail of faces as they are viewed in the real world. Third, research has focussed almost exclusively on heterosexual assortative mating, despite homosexual mating occurring at a high frequency across present and historical human societies and among many other species. This is potentially guided to a large extent by non-reproductive mate-choice criteria, such as signals of social or coalitionary compatibility. Fourth, assortative mating studies have tended to focus on phenotypic assortment rather than the population genetic consequence of this process, especially with respect to trait-associated variants (Li et al., 2017). Fifth, there has been little attempt to explore assortative mating for facial morphology in other primate species, despite the importance of faces for social interactions being well-established (Ferrari et al. 2009).

一般背景。计算机模拟表明，遗传复杂的生物体中的性别需要择偶策略，以减少异型杂交产生的过度遗传变异（Alvarez，2004），同时还要避免可能导致适应不良隐性性状频率增加的“近交抑制”（Bovet 等，2012）。此外，人们还期望选择具有兼容的行为和社会文化特征的伴侣，在某些情况下通过外表来表明（例如，性别二态性的男性特征与攻击性和支配性有关）。因此，交配应该遵循一种选型（即非随机）模式，个体尝试选择社会文化和遗传兼容性，后者通常以“最佳近交”为特征，涉及选择与自己微妙但不过分相似的配偶。研究表明，包括人类和其他灵长类动物在内的许多物种都存在积极选型交配的总体趋势。脸型分类。脸型为识别兼容伴侣提供了有用的分类轴。从基因角度来看，与许多其他身体特征相比，面部形态在整个成年寿命中相对稳定，这表明它是潜在遗传特征的相当可靠的信号，并且在人类中，跨文化研究已将面部形态与基因组的特定区域联系起来。在行为方面，人脸形状与多种特征相关，包括支配地位、同理心、慷慨和性忠诚，这表明它还预示着有关社会兼容性的信息。目前的研究提供了人类脸型的积极分类（即选择相似特征）的证据。例如，Laeng 等人。 (2013) 表明，当人们将自己的特征变形为 22% 时，他们会发现当前伴侣的面孔更具吸引力。在几项研究中，观察者认为情侣的面孔比随机配对的面孔更加相似（Alvarez et al. 2004；Zajonc et al. 1987；Wong et al. 2018）。研究机会。关于面部选型交配的文献中存在一些空白，本项目将解决这些空白。首先，证明面部形状的积极分类的研究倾向于关注面部之间的“整体相似性”，而不是可能表明兼容性的面部形态的特定方面（即特定特征的大小、形状和配置）。其次，大多数研究都使用 2D 面部图像，无法捕捉现实世界中面部的形态 3D 细节。第三，尽管同性恋交配在当前和历史的人类社会以及许多其他物种中频繁发生，但研究几乎完全集中在异性选型交配上。这在很大程度上可能受到非生殖择偶标准的指导，例如社会或联盟兼容性的信号。第四，选型交配研究倾向于关注表型分类，而不是这一过程的群体遗传后果，特别是与性状相关的变异（Li et al., 2017）。第五，尽管面部对于社会互动的重要性已得到充分证实，但很少有人尝试探索其他灵长类动物面部形态的选型交配（Ferrari et al. 2009）。