Resistance to mass persecution: the survival of Jews in France (1940-1944) - a sociological investigation of extraordinary behaviour of ordinary peopl

在我的DPhil项目中，我将社会科学和历史结合起来，揭示了有助于抵抗压迫和迫害的社会和政治因素，并调查了社会制度构建个人利他主义行为的方式。大屠杀期间犹太人在法国的生存就是一个历史例子。为什么1940年至1944年间居住在法国的75%的犹太人设法逃脱了驱逐出境的命运？我的重点是两个截然不同但相互关联的话题：一些利他主义者决定冒着生命危险保护犹太人，以及政治和宗教团体在解释法国不同地区犹太人存活率差异方面的作用。在解释德国占领下犹太人存活率差异的背景下，布劳恩(2016)集中讨论了荷兰和比利时对犹太人的拯救，表明当地的少数族裔教会在拯救犹太人方面发挥了重要作用。他证明，荷兰天主教地区的犹太人更有可能被新教徒拯救，反之亦然。我将重点评估这些假设是否也适用于法国，以及在政治少数群体的情况下是否可以观察到类似的救援行动模式。相当多的研究集中于一些个人以巨大的代价或风险采取利他主义行动的现象(Montroe 1991，Geras 1995)。以色列国表彰冒着生命危险在大屠杀期间将犹太人从迫害中拯救出来的非犹太个人。在这26.000名列强中，有4.000多名法国人被授予这一荣誉。在法国，只有两项关于正义的定量研究(汉农，2005年，法国，2008年)，它们使用基本的描述性统计。在这些研究的基础上，我应用了更先进的统计技术，包括人口普查数据，并考虑了社区层面的背景。为了评估关于存活率差异的假设，我利用了现有的数据集，这些数据集基于德国的登记名单，提供了1942年居住在法国的所有犹太人的详细信息(有关相同的方法学方法，请参阅《布劳恩2019》)。我从法国驱逐名单中检索1942至1944年间被驱逐的法国犹太人的名字，以确定成功躲避纳粹的犹太人。登记名单包含关于犹太人个人地址的信息，可以对其进行地理编码(Braun 2016)。在将地理信息与被驱逐的犹太人和逃亡的犹太人进行匹配后，我打算收集有关法国教会的数据，关于当时法国的社会结构和政治格局。1936年的法国人口普查数据构成了一个相关的数据来源，提供了有关法国市政当局的人口资料。对特征相似但存活率不同的市政当局进行个案研究，有助于查明导致一些市政当局比其他市政当局更支持犹太人的社会机制。亚德·瓦什姆的大屠杀研究中心提供了关于民族间正义的个人一级数据的宝贵来源。每一位救援人员的故事都被记录在一本百科全书中，其中包括地理和社会经济数据以及有关具体援助情况的信息。我打算构建一个包含社会经济特征和地理信息的国家间正义的量化数据库，以便对法国总人口和救援者群体进行比较。我的研究的意义可能超出纳粹统治的法国正义的英雄主义，为解释个人和社会团体在压迫和迫害条件下实现的非凡行为提供一个社区层面的理论框架。

In my DPhil project I combine social science and history, revealing the social and political factors that facilitate resistance to oppression and persecution and investigating the ways in which individuals' acts of altruism are structured by social institutions.The survival of Jews in France during the Holocaust serves as an historical example. Why did 75% of the Jews living in France between 1940 and 1944 manage to escape deportation? I focus on two distinct but interrelated topics: the decision of some altruistic individuals to risk their lives for protecting Jews, and the role of political and religious groups for explaining variance in the survival rates of Jews in different parts of France. In the context of explaining variation in survival rates of Jews under German occupation, Braun (2016) concentrates on the rescue of Jews in the Netherlands and Belgium showing that local minority churches played an important role in the rescue of Jews. He demonstrates that Jews in Catholic regions of the Netherlands were more likely to get rescued by Protestants and vice versa. I will focus on evaluating whether these hypotheses hold also true for France and if similar patterns of rescue actions can be observed in the case of political minority groups. A considerable amount of research focusses on the phenomenon of altruistic actions taken by some individuals at great expense or risk to themselves (Montroe 1991, Geras 1995). The State of Israel honours non-Jewish individuals who risked their lives for saving Jews from persecution during the Holocaust. Among those 26.000 Righteous Among the Nations, more than 4.000 Frenchmen have been awarded this distinction. There are only two quantitative studies on the Righteous in France (Hannoun 2005, Frenk 2008), which make use of basic descriptive statistics. I build on these studies by applying more advanced statistical techniques, by including census data and by taking the community level context into account. To assess hypotheses about variation in survival, I utilise existing datasets which are based on German registration lists providing detailed information about the addresses of all the Jews living in France in 1942 (see Braun 2019 for the same methodological approach). I retrieve the names of French Jews who got deported between 1942 and 1944 from French deportation lists, in order to identify the Jews who evaded the Nazis successfully. The registration lists contain information about the personal addresses of the Jews, which can be geocoded (Braun 2016). Having matched geographical information to the Jews who were deported and those who escaped, I intend to gather data about the churches in France, about the social structure and political landscape of France at the time. Census data of the French population from 1936 constitutes one relevant data source providing demographic information about French municipalities. Case by case studies of municipalities with similar characteristics but different survival rates help to detect the social mechanisms that are responsible for some municipalities to be more supportive of Jews than others. The Holocaust research centre of Yad Vashem provides a valuable source of individual level data on the Righteous Among the Nations. Each rescuer's story is documented in an encyclopaedia containing geographical and socio-economic data as well as information about the concrete situation of help. I intend to construct a quantitative database of the Righteous Among the Nations which incorporates socio-economic characteristics as well as geographical information, allowing for comparisons between the general French population and the group of rescuers.The implications of my research may go beyond the heroism of the Righteous in Nazi dominated France, offering a community level theoretical framework for explaining extraordinary actions of individuals and social groups that are realised under conditions of oppression and persecution.