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An urban faecal pollution mapping tool for water quality protection and enhancement

用于保护和改善水质的城市粪便污染绘图工具

基本信息

批准号：
2277272
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2277272
关键词：
urban faecal pollution mapping tool

项目摘要

The global water and sanitation landscape has changed significantly in recent decades, but the complete infrastructure of sanitation service chain for managing excreta safely remains a challenge and faecal contamination of surface water in urban areas of many low and middle-income countries is a vital problem. Therefore, the risk of faecal pollution just shifting its location away from households to drains and surface waters. This is a concern for human health and aquatic life as well. The impact of the polluted waterbodies varies widely and often affects environmental health, e.g., breeding grounds for disease vectors in the absence of their predator, produce unpleasant odour, and become greenhouse gas emission sources. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (target 3) aims to improve water quality by halving the proportion of untreated wastewater discharged to the environment by 2030. Also, a recent study led by the University of North Carolina, USA identified as a priority research area because of gaps in knowledge and ability to deal with it. If it is not dealt with, there will be consequences affecting all sector of life including health, agricultural yield and thereby low productivity leading to reduced affordability ending in a vicious cycle. Some countries are developing sanitation framework but often that is not integrating water quality into the policy. It is becoming a challenge for city authorities to manage various environmental health issues. Therefore, an integrated and spatial understanding of the sources, pathways and receptors of faecal pollution and assessment of environmental water quality is needed. However, there are some constraints to deal with faecal pollution in relation to water quality enhancement and protection, notably, lack of 1) water quality monitoring data, 2) proven geospatial technique for assessing water quality associated with faecal pollution and to map sanitation service chain, 3) simple planning tools which can integrate water quality and faecal pollution to facilitate necessary targeted intervention. This project will aim to fill some of these gaps by answering the following research question 'can an integrated spatial representation of sources, pathways and receptors (SPR) of faecal pollution in urban catchments be used to create a new planning tool for pollution prevention?' The project will use a wide range of data including field survey and satellite images to extract faecal SPR information and develop new water quality mapping methods and subsequently will establish the association between the two. The work will include 3 work-packages (WPs) each containing a few tasks. The WP1 will integrate geospatial information with spot field survey for a spatial-scale faecal SPR analysis, WP2 will identify a relation between water clarity parameters and faecal pollution and subsequently develop a water quality algorithm for satellite image analysis, and WP3 will develop a tier-based approach to integrate the faecal SPR and water quality degradation. The overall project will be carried out by a combination of computer-based data analysis, field survey, sampling and laboratory work in collaboration with the local partners in Bangladesh.The outcome of this project will provide an improved understanding of the link between environmental water quality and sanitation service provisions in a low and middle-income urban setting. The intended mapping tool would be as simple to use as possible and rely on readily available and easily acquirable data and will provide a practical guideline to the city planner in restoring water quality from faecal pollution to reduce the environmental health risk. Poor environmental water quality often is an indicator of poor sanitation in urban setting therefore this project has the scope to have an impact in both sectors which is a common problem in the global south.

近几十年来，全球水和卫生环境发生了重大变化，但安全管理排泄物的卫生服务链的完整基础设施仍然是一个挑战，许多低收入和中等收入国家城市地区地表水的粪便污染是一个至关重要的问题。因此，粪便污染的风险只是将其地点从家庭转移到排水沟和地表水。这是对人类健康和水生生物的关注。受污染水体的影响范围很广，经常影响环境健康，例如，在没有捕食者的情况下，病媒滋生地，产生难闻的气味，并成为温室气体排放源。联合国可持续发展目标6(目标3)旨在通过到2030年将未经处理的废水排放到环境中的比例减半来改善水质。此外，美国北卡罗来纳大学最近领导的一项研究将其确定为优先研究领域，因为在处理这一问题的知识和能力方面存在差距。如果不加以处理，将会影响到生活的所有部门，包括健康、农业产量，从而导致生产率低下，从而导致可负担性降低，最终形成恶性循环。一些国家正在制定卫生框架，但往往没有将水质纳入政策。管理各种环境健康问题正成为城市当局面临的挑战。因此，需要对粪便污染的来源、途径和受体进行全面和空间的了解，并对环境水质进行评估。然而，在处理与改善和保护水质有关的粪便污染方面存在一些限制，特别是缺乏1)水质监测数据，2)用于评估与粪便污染有关的水质和绘制卫生服务链的成熟的地理空间技术，3)可将水质和粪便污染结合在一起的简单规划工具，以便于进行必要的有针对性的干预。该项目旨在通过回答以下研究问题来填补其中的一些空白：能否使用城市集水区粪便污染源、路径和受体(SPR)的综合空间表示来创建一种新的污染预防规划工具？该项目将使用广泛的数据，包括实地调查和卫星图像，以提取粪便SPR信息，并开发新的水质测绘方法，随后将建立两者之间的联系。这项工作将包括3个工作包(WPS)，每个包含几个任务。WP1将把地理空间信息与现场实地调查相结合，以进行空间规模的粪便SPR分析；WP2将确定水质透明度参数与粪便污染之间的关系，并随后开发用于卫星图像分析的水质算法；WP3将开发基于层次的方法，将粪便SPR与水质退化相结合。整个项目将结合计算机数据分析、实地调查、抽样和实验室工作，与孟加拉国的当地合作伙伴合作进行。该项目的成果将使人们更好地了解低收入和中等收入城市环境中环境水质量与卫生服务提供之间的联系。计划中的地图工具将尽可能简单易用，并依赖于现成和容易获得的数据，并将为城市规划者提供实用的指导，以恢复粪便污染的水质，以减少环境健康风险。环境水质差往往是城市环境卫生条件差的一个指标，因此，该项目有可能对这两个部门产生影响，这是全球南部的一个普遍问题。