Tongue-Jaw Linkages in Feeding

描述（由申请人提供）：喂养过程模型提供了咀嚼，口腔食物运输和吞咽相互关联的过程的理解。这个模型的核心概念是食物在口腔中被处理，而吞下的丸剂是在咽部形成的。食物在口腔内和通过口腔的运动主要依赖于下巴、舌骨和舌头的协调运动。虽然已经描述了基本的运动，但产生这些运动的肌肉活动模式还没有。我们建议研究正常成人进食的运动机能学。运动用荧光影像记录，肌肉活动用肌电图记录。一些实验还包括呼吸测量（胸腹腔扩张和鼻气压）。我们将检验以下假设：1。舌骨矢状面的周期性运动是由3个肌肉群（颌内收肌、舌骨上肌和舌骨下肌）的相互作用产生的。2. 虽然舌表面的周期性运动主要是由其内在肌肉的活动引起的，但它们也受到与颌骨和舌骨的联系以及外在肌肉收缩的影响。3. 在食物加工过程中，舌表面的中外侧运动与下颌运动有关，并由两侧下颌内收肌的不同活动辅助。4. 软腭在进食和吞咽过程中表现出周期性的运动，这在时间上与颌骨运动有关。5. 在进食过程中，颌骨、舌骨和舌表面的运动模式以及产生它们的肌肉活动模式是周期性和半节律性的；尽管收缩的持续时间和幅度可能有所不同，但在不同的行为中，肌肉激活的顺序模式是维持的。数据将通过可视化和统计分析技术进行分析，包括最小二乘回归和时间序列分析。该结果将进一步描述进食和吞咽的机制，将与吞咽困难个体的评估和治疗相关，并将增强我们对咀嚼和吞咽的中枢神经系统控制及其与呼吸的关系的认识。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The Process Model of Feeding provides an understanding of the inter-related processes of mastication, oral food transport, and swallowing. Central to this model is the notion that foods are processed in the oral cavity but the swallow bolus formed in the pharynx. Movement of food in and through the oral cavity depends primarily on coordinated motions of the jaw, hyoid, and tongue. Although the basic motions have been described, the muscle activity patterns producing these motions have not. We propose to study of the kinesiology of feeding in normal adults. Motions will be recorded with videofluorography and muscle activity with electromyography. Some experiments will also include respiratory measures (expansion of the thoracoabdominal cavity and nasal air pressure). We will test the following hypotheses: 1. Cyclical movements of the hyoid bone in the sagittal plane are produced by the interaction of 3 muscle groups (jaw adductors, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles). 2. Although cyclical movements of the tongue surface result primarily from activity of its intrinsic muscles, they are also influenced by linkage to the jaw and hyoid bone, as well as extrinsic muscle contraction. 3. Mediolateral tongue surface motion is linked to jaw motion during food processing, and is assisted by differential activity of the jaw adductor muscles on each side. 4. The soft palate exhibits cyclical movement during eating and swallowing that is temporally linked to jaw motion. 5. Motion patterns of the jaw, hyoid, and tongue surface and the muscle activity patterns that produce them are cyclical and semi-rhythmic during eating; the sequential pattern of muscle activation is maintained across behaviors, though the duration and amplitude of contraction may vary. Data will be analyzed visually and by statistical analysis techniques including least-squares regression and time-series analysis. The results will further delineate the mechanisms of eating and swallowing, will have relevance to the evaluation and treatment of dysphagic individuals, and will enhance our knowledge of CNS control of mastication and swallowing, and their relationship to respiration.