Tongue-Jaw Linkages in Feeding

描述(由申请人提供)：喂养的过程模型提供了对咀嚼、口腔食物运输和吞咽等相互关联的过程的理解。这个模型的核心是这样一个概念，即食物是在口腔中加工的，而吞咽的药丸是在咽部形成的。食物在口腔内和口腔中的运动主要取决于颌骨、舌骨和舌头的协调运动。虽然已经描述了基本的运动，但产生这些运动的肌肉活动模式还没有。我们建议对正常成人的摄食运动学进行研究。运动将用视频荧光摄影术记录，肌肉活动用肌电图仪记录。一些实验还将包括呼吸措施(扩大胸腔和鼻腔气压)。我们将检验以下假设：1.舌骨在矢状面上的周期性运动是由三个肌群(颌收肌、舌骨上肌和舌骨下肌)相互作用产生的。2.虽然舌面的周期性运动主要是由其内在肌肉的活动引起的，但它们也受到与颌骨和舌骨的连接以及外在肌肉收缩的影响。3.在食物加工过程中，舌面的内侧运动与颌部运动有关，两侧颌收肌的不同活动对舌面运动有帮助。4.软腭在进食和吞咽过程中表现出周期性的运动，这种运动在时间上与下巴运动有关。5.在进食过程中，颌骨、舌骨和舌骨表面的运动模式以及产生它们的肌肉活动模式是周期性和半节律性的；肌肉活动的顺序模式在不同的行为中保持不变，尽管收缩的持续时间和幅度可能会有所不同。数据将通过包括最小二乘回归和时间序列分析在内的统计分析技术进行直观分析。研究结果将进一步阐明吞食和吞咽的机制，对吞咽困难个体的评估和治疗具有重要意义，并将增强我们对中枢神经系统控制咀嚼和吞咽及其与呼吸的关系的认识。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The Process Model of Feeding provides an understanding of the inter-related processes of mastication, oral food transport, and swallowing. Central to this model is the notion that foods are processed in the oral cavity but the swallow bolus formed in the pharynx. Movement of food in and through the oral cavity depends primarily on coordinated motions of the jaw, hyoid, and tongue. Although the basic motions have been described, the muscle activity patterns producing these motions have not. We propose to study of the kinesiology of feeding in normal adults. Motions will be recorded with videofluorography and muscle activity with electromyography. Some experiments will also include respiratory measures (expansion of the thoracoabdominal cavity and nasal air pressure). We will test the following hypotheses: 1. Cyclical movements of the hyoid bone in the sagittal plane are produced by the interaction of 3 muscle groups (jaw adductors, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles). 2. Although cyclical movements of the tongue surface result primarily from activity of its intrinsic muscles, they are also influenced by linkage to the jaw and hyoid bone, as well as extrinsic muscle contraction. 3. Mediolateral tongue surface motion is linked to jaw motion during food processing, and is assisted by differential activity of the jaw adductor muscles on each side. 4. The soft palate exhibits cyclical movement during eating and swallowing that is temporally linked to jaw motion. 5. Motion patterns of the jaw, hyoid, and tongue surface and the muscle activity patterns that produce them are cyclical and semi-rhythmic during eating; the sequential pattern of muscle activation is maintained across behaviors, though the duration and amplitude of contraction may vary. Data will be analyzed visually and by statistical analysis techniques including least-squares regression and time-series analysis. The results will further delineate the mechanisms of eating and swallowing, will have relevance to the evaluation and treatment of dysphagic individuals, and will enhance our knowledge of CNS control of mastication and swallowing, and their relationship to respiration.