Group and Individual Differences in Audition

试镜中的群体和个体差异

• 批准号: 6727427
• 负责人: DENNIS MCFADDEN
• 金额: $ 48.11万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1979
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1979-12-01 至 2006-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6727427
• 关键词: Macaca mulatta; adolescence (12-20); age difference; androgens; audiometry; auditory discrimination; auditory pathways; behavioral /social science research tag; binaural hearing; clinical research; cochlear microphonic potentials; developmental neurobiology; ear; electroencephalography; embryo /fetus; gender difference; hormone regulation /control mechanism; human subject; neural information processing; otoacoustic emission; pregnancy; psychoacoustics; sex cycle; sexual orientation; twin /multiplet; young adult human (21-34)

DESCRIPTION: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term objective of this research is to better understand certain individual and group differences in audition. Many auditory measures exhibit large sex differences. Among these are otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). OAEs are sounds produced by the cochlea, and AEPs are gross potentials detectable with scalp electrodes following the presentation of a click stimulus. Because sex differences exist in the OAEs and AEPs of infants and children as well as in adults, they must originate, at least in part, during prenatal development. Because many other sex differences in body, brain, and behavior are known to be produced by differential exposure to androgens during prenatal development, the implication is that the sex differences in OAEs and AEPs also are produced by differential androgen exposure. To test this implication, OAEs will be measured in two colonies of rhesus monkeys that were treated with androgenic or anti-androgenic agents during prenatal development. If prenatal androgen exposure is a controlling factor, then those monkeys exposed to higher than normal levels of androgens prenatally should have fewer and weaker OAEs than monkeys exposed to lower levels of androgens. In past research, two groups of human females were found to have atypical OAEs. Monozygotic (MZ) female twins had nearly twice the number of OAEs as same-sex dizygotic (SSDZ) female twins or female nontwins, and females having a male co-twin (opposite-sex dizygotics or OSDZs) had fewer and weaker OAEs than SSDZ or nontwin females. In one proposed experiment, the AEPs of MZ and OSDZ females will be measured to see if their auditory brains are atypical as well as their cochleas. In another series of experiments, various behavioral (psychoacoustical) measures will be made on MZ and OSDZ females to determine if their atypical OAEs correspond to atypical auditory performance. If so, these two special populations will have been identified as interesting groups for study by other auditory specialists in order to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. In other experiments, OAEs, AEPs, and tympanometry will be measured in pre- and post-pubertal children. The results will be informative about the origin of the individual and sex differences seen in these measures for adults, and thus will be relevant to normal and abnormal development in the auditory system.

描述：（改编自申请人的摘要）： 这项研究是更好地了解某些个人和小组差异 在试镜中。许多听觉措施表现出很大的性别差异。其中 是耳声排放（OAE）和听觉引起的电势（AEP）。 OAE 是通过耳蜗产生的声音，AEP是可检测到的总电位 呈现点击刺激后的头皮电极。因为 性别差异存在于婴儿和儿童的OAE和AEP中 在成年人中，他们至少必须部分起源于产前发育。 因为已知身体，大脑和行为上的许多其他性别差异是 通过在产前发育过程中接触雄激素的差异暴露而产生的 意味着OAE和AEP的性别差异也由 差异雄激素暴露。为了测试这一含义，将测量OAE 在两个用雄激素或 产前发育过程中的抗雄激素剂。如果产前雄激素 暴露是一个控制因素，然后那些暴露于高于 产前正常水平的雄激素应比 猴子暴露于雄激素的水平较低。在过去的研究中，两组 发现人类女性具有非典型OAE。单卵（MZ）雌性双胞胎 几乎是同性双胞胎（SSDZ）女双胞胎的OAE数量的两倍 或女性非洲女性，以及具有男性联合双胞胎的女性（异性疾病 或OSDZS）的OAE少于SSDZ或Nontwin女性。一个 提出的实验，将测量MZ和OSDZ女性的AEPS，以查看是否是否 他们的听觉大脑是非典型的，也是他们的耳蜗。在另一个系列中 在实验中，将采取各种行为（心理声学）措施 MZ和OSDZ女性确定其非典型OAE是否对应于非典型的OAE 听觉性能。如果是这样，这两个特殊人群将是 被确定为其他听觉专家学习的有趣小组 为了了解涉及的基本机制。在其他实验中， OAE，AEPS和鼓膜测定法将在前后测量 孩子们。结果将为个人的起源提供信息 在这些成年人的这些措施中看到的性别差异，因此将是 与听觉系统中的正常和异常发展有关。