Concrete Morals: Spaces of female street prostitution in the port city; A relational study of Kingston-upon-Hull and Rotterdam, 1880s-2010s

本研究考察了1880-2020年间英国赫尔河畔金斯敦和荷兰鹿特丹的女性街头卖淫空间，着眼于城市动态、地缘政治和弹性，以解决研究问题；女性街头卖淫的空间和地点变化是如何被不同的地方结构（即基础设施、环境、政策和社会文化互动）“塑造”的？同时，女性街头卖淫对城市治理、警务、规划设计的影响如何？通过共同的地理和社会文化历史，赫尔河畔金斯敦和鹿特丹的关系研究告诉我们关于“道德空间”的生产和再生产的什么？女性街头卖淫是城市景观的一个重要方面，通过地点变化显示出弹性；也就是说，从一个“地点”迁移到另一个“地点”，以回应以道德观念为基础的城市、社会和法律“不宽容”（Hubbard,1999）。在考察区位变化时，目的是通过边缘化的综合视角来分析“道德空间”的生产和再生产。边缘化的身体[参与“可见性”和“堕落女性”的概念（Sanders等人，2013年）]，在边缘化的空间[即通过堕落的内涵来理解的红灯区域（Hubbard，1998年）]，在边缘化的地方[即“结构上处于不利地位”的港口城市（Wurzel等人，2019年），)及其“特别复杂的社会单位”（Gillett和McMahon，1980年）]。赫尔和鹿特丹的关系研究[参与组合城市主义理论（麦克法兰，2011）]允许分析这些城市的道德、文化和政治经济之间的相互作用，从而进一步理解城市和人文地理在边缘化经验和道德“规范”再生产中的意义。正如现有文献所假设的那样，我们对“卖淫区”的理解不断发展，在对地点变化的研究中，可以告诉我们更多关于城市生活整体发展的信息（Ashworth et al.,1988）。总而言之，本研究旨在对“道德/不道德空间”进行跨学科研究，涉及社会学、犯罪学、城市和法律视角。定性研究方法包括档案研究法、照片启发法和步行法。这是为了将分析章节分为四个重要的时代（维多利亚晚期、战争、战后重建、当代景观），从而使人们能够讨论城市变化的比较时刻，从而允许历史和当代的目光。在通过性工作探索“改变”的过程中，考虑到这个敏感的话题，道德考虑是至关重要的。研究将利用赫尔（灯塔项目）和人道主义卖淫社会工作（鹿特丹）的社区外展活动，为性工作者、前性工作者、警察和外展工作者提供一个安全的空间，并征得他们的同意。此外，对所有同意的参与者（即文化之城志愿者、居民）进行步行采访，作为“展示城市”的一种方式，与城市生活的不同体验相结合。在历史背景下，通过档案研究（叙事和视觉数据）参与城市叙事的目的是与当今的对话进行沟通；回顾过去是为了了解现在。值得注意的是，“妓女”一词被认为存在伦理问题，因为它是一个带有越轨内涵的法律术语，也是一个将妓女与所有女性区分开来的意识形态标签（Sanders et al.,2013）。本研究仅使用“妓女”和“卖淫”这两个术语，以保持与历史背景的连续性。性工作者的尊严和尊重对这项研究至关重要；使用假名（不使用图像）。

This research examines spaces of female street prostitution in Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) and Rotterdam (Netherlands),1880-2020, looking at urban dynamics, geopolitics, and resilience to address the research questions;i. How are spaces of female street prostitution and locational change 'shaped' by diverse structures of place, i.e., infrastructure, environment, policy and socio-cultural interaction?ii. Simultaneously, how does female street prostitution impact on urban governance, policing, planning and design?iii. Through shared geographical and socio-cultural histories, what does relational study of Kingston-upon-Hull and Rotterdam tell us about the production and reproduction of 'moral space'?Female street prostitution is a significant aspect of the urban scene, demonstrating resilience through locational change; that is, displacement from one 'site' to another in response to urban, social and legal 'intolerance' underpinned by notions of morality (Hubbard,1999). In examining locational change, the objective is to analyse the production and reproduction of 'moral space'through a combined lens of marginalisation. The marginalised body [engaging with notions of 'visibility' and 'fallen women' (Sanders et al.,2013)], in marginalised space [i.e., red light areas being understood by connotations of depravity (Hubbard,1998)], in marginalised place [i.e., the 'structurally disadvantaged' port city (Wurzel et al.,2019),) with its 'particularly complex social unit' (Gillett and McMahon,1980)].Relational study of Hull and Rotterdam [engaging with assemblage urbanism theory (McFarlane,2011)] permits analysis of interplay between moral, cultural and political economies in these cities to produce further understanding of the significance of place within urban and human geographies in the experience of marginalisation and the reproduction of moral 'norms'. As existing literature posits, our understanding of 'areas of prostitution' continually evolves, and within that examination of locational change can tell us more about the overall development of urban life (Ashworth et al.,1988).In summary, this research aims to produce an interdisciplinary study of 'moral/immoral space', engaging with sociological, criminological, urban and legal perspectives. Qualitative research methods include archival study, photo-elicitation and walking methods. This is to allow for historical and contemporary gaze in breaking analytical chapters down into four significant era [Late-Victorian, War, Post-War Redevelopment, Contemporary Landscapes] enabling discussion of comparative moments of urban change.In exploring 'change' through sex work, the ethical considerations are of key importance given the sensitive topic. Research will draw on community outreach in Hull (Lighthouse Project) and Humanitas Prostitution Social Work (Rotterdam) to provide a safe space to talk with sex workers, former sex workers, police and outreach workers upon their signed consent. Further, walking interviews with all consenting participants (i.e., City of Culture volunteers, residents) as a means to 'show the city' engages with different experiences of urban life. In historical context, engaging with city narratives through archival research (narrative and visual data) is with the aim of communicating with present-day dialogue; looking to the past in order to understand thepresent.Notably, the term 'prostitute' is considered ethically problematic as it is a legal term carrying connotations of deviance and an ideological label separating prostitute-women from all women (Sanders et al.,2013). This research only uses the terms 'prostitute' and 'prostitution' for continuity in engaging with historical context. The dignity and respect of those involved in sex work is of upmost importance to this study; pseudonyms (and no images) are used.