('No One had Heard Such a Thing Before'): Women in Old Norse Translations of Latin

尽管最近人们对古斯堪的纳维亚文学中女性的角色很感兴趣，但目前还没有对古斯堪的纳维亚语翻译的拉丁文本中迷人而复杂的女性进行分析。Jenny Jochens（1996）等人广泛分析了古挪威女性的表现，但没有提到拉丁语的翻译。这类文本一般很少受到批评，其中许多只有半外交版本。然而，书中所呈现的女性却具有丰富的分析潜力。我的论文将扩大古挪威性别研究的领域，目前仅限于流行的埃达斯和传奇。通过分析这种文化的文学碰撞，我的论文将揭示古挪威女性描绘中的细微差别。由于表面上的相似之处，古斯堪的纳维亚语和拉丁语的女性形象往往是相似的。我的论文将通过考察译者在面对白话时对女性表现的发展来消除同质描述的假设。我的项目不仅会对古挪威语翻译拉丁语的研究领域有所贡献，而且还会为古挪威语的性别批评增加一个新的维度。《Breta sogur》（1892- 186）、《Trojumanna saga》（1963 - 1981）、《Romverja saga》（2010）等包含复杂女性角色的文本。我的研究将建立在Stefanie Wurth的书《Antikenroman》（1998）和许多文章（2006年，2011年等）的基础上，但特别关注女性。我将分析特鲁曼纳传奇中的特洛伊海伦、赫库巴和美狄亚，以及布雷塔·索格尔的伊格纳等人物。这些文本存在于多个手稿中，每个手稿都对情感有不同的强调。这影响了我们对女性角色的解读，大多数女性角色都与男性有情感联系。我的论文还将分析神话中的女性，包括在Romverja传奇中介入的女神和像volva一样的女巫，她也在手稿AM 595 a-b 4to的旁注中被形象地描绘出来。《拉丁通俗圣经》的部分古斯堪的纳维亚语译本《Stjorn》（1862）也描绘了具有有趣关系动态的女性。Sian Gronlie最近的出版物（2019）探讨了Stjorn内部的一些性别关系，特别是埃及人Hagar和Sarah之间的冲突，这与Laxdæla的传奇有相似之处。我的研究将触及这一点，但也会向外工作，分析诸如妓女康复和大卫的妻子之类的人物。古斯堪的纳维亚书朱迪思将形成这一节的重要组成部分；Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir（2000）的写作仍然是文本唯一的主要研究。这个强大的圣经人物，他的古英语版本受到广泛的关注，相对来说被古斯堪的纳维亚语学者所忽视。我的论文将纠正这一点。古斯堪的纳维亚的圣徒传记也描绘了迷人的女性，如塞西莉亚、玛格丽特、抹大拉的玛丽和圣母玛利亚。早期圣徒的生活，早于流行的传奇故事，提供了一个独特的洞察早期北欧基督教对女性的态度。这些圣徒传记有多种版本；我将集中对更接近拉丁文原文的早期版本进行详细的文本分析，但我也将考虑后来的版本，这些版本改编了拉丁文以符合古挪威文化。这将揭示随着古斯堪的纳维亚作家自由地发展故事，女性形象的跨国变化。古斯堪的纳维亚语对拉丁语的翻译描述了女性的自我和关系，就像流行的埃达斯和传奇故事一样微妙。通过从这个语料库中选择案例研究，我的研究将填补古斯堪的纳维亚学术研究的一个重要空白，丰富我们对女性描绘如何跨越时间和文化鸿沟的知识。

Despite recent interest in the role of women in Old Norse literature, there is currently no analysis of the fascinating and complex women in the Old Norse translations of Latin texts. Jenny Jochens (1996), and others have extensively analysed the presentation of Old Norse women but do not mention the translations of Latin. Such texts have generally received little critical attention, and many are only available in semi-diplomatic editions. The women presented in them, however, are rich with analytical potential. My thesis will expand the field of Old Norse gender studies, which currently restricts itself to the popular Eddas and sagas. By analysing this literary collision of cultures, my thesis will reveal nuances within the depiction of Old Norse women. Similarities are often drawn between Old Norse and Latin female figures due to surface parallels. My thesis will dispel the assumption of a homogenous depiction by examining the translators' development of the presentation of women when faced with the vernacular. My project will contribute not only to the sparse field of research into Old Norse translations of Latin, but it will also add a new dimension to Old Norse gender criticism. My research will be divided as follows: Sagas of Antiquity Texts like Breta sogur (1892-6), Trojumanna saga (1963 and 1981), and Romverja saga (2010) contain complex female characters. My research will build upon Stefanie Wurth's book Der Antikenroman (1998) and numerous articles (2006, 2011, etc.), but with a specific focus on women. I will analyse figures such as Troumanna saga's Helen of Troy, Hecuba, and Medea, as well as Breta sogur's Igerna. These texts exist in multiple manuscripts, each placing different emphasis on emotion. This affects our reading of female characters, most of whom exist with emotional connections to men. My thesis will also analyse mythological women, including the intervening goddesses and the volva-like witch in Romverja saga, who is also depicted visually in the marginalia of the manuscript AM 595 a-b 4to. Biblical Translations The Old Norse translation of parts of the Latin Vulgate Bible, Stjorn (1862), also depicts women with interesting relationship dynamics. Sian Gronlie's recent publication (2019) explores some of the gendered relations within Stjorn, particularly the conflict between Hagar the Egyptian and Sarah, which has parallels in Laxdæla saga. My research will touch on this but also work outwards to analyse figures such as Rehab the Harlot and the wives of David. The Old Norse Book of Judith will form an essential part of this section; the writing of Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir (2000) remains the text's only major study. This powerful biblical figure, whose Old English version receives extensive critical attention, is relatively ignored by Old Norse scholarship. My thesis will rectify this. Saints' Lives The Old Norse hagiographies also depict intriguing women such as Cecilia, Margaret, Mary Magdalen, and the Virgin Mary. The early saints' lives, which predate the popular sagas, offer a unique insight into earlier Christian Norse attitudes to women. Multiple versions of these hagiographies exist; I shall focus my close textual analysis on the earlier versions, which are closer to the Latin originals, but I shall also take account of later versions, which adapt the Latin to comply with Old Norse culture. This will reveal transnational changes to the portrayal of women as Old Norse writers freely develop the stories.The Old Norse translations of Latin depict women with selfhoods and relationships as nuanced as those of the popular Eddas and sagas. By selecting case studies from this corpus, my research will fill an important gap in Old Norse scholarship, enriching our knowledge of how the depiction of women is transformed across temporal and cultural divisions.