Hard Work? Exploring the harms of (sex) work

该项目利用政治哲学、工作社会学和女权主义理论，探讨和评估包括卖淫在内的不同形式的性工作的危害。在将性工作视为一种工作形式的过程中，该项目旨在对（性）工作的危害提供实质性说明，并评估这一概念性透镜在构建对工作的批评以及如何组织工作时所能提供的可能性。虽然女权主义理论在历史上一直专注于卖淫的道德可取性，但强调性工作“包含工作”的叙述试图超越评估性工作的“好”或“坏”。后一种解释试图将注意力转移到构建这项工作的条件上（Grant，2014; Mac & Smith，2018）。然而，许多这些帐户不同意是什么定义性工作作为一种工作。一些报告强调，卖淫是一种有偿劳动形式（例如，英国妓女集体，2015年）。然而，Julia O 'Connell Davidson（1998）认为，性工作是一种机构，其中金钱被用来确保对另一个人的权力。正如Lydia Medland et al（2018）所指出的，定义什么是工作总是困难和有争议的，性工作似乎也不例外。几种哲学传统对工作的兴趣死灰复燃，从马克思主义方法中关于工作未来的“乌托邦”理论，到分析哲学中对工作意义的关注，以及共和主义中关于工作场所统治的辩论（例如，安德森，2017年;缪尔黑德，2004年;弗鲁萨利斯，2019年;周，2011年;约曼等人，2019年）。通过将性工作概念化为工作，这提供了规范性的机会，使我们能够将其理解为一般工作性质的案例研究。我们可以探索不稳定或异化等危害是如何表现出来的，以及技术和创新如何在工作组织中发挥作用。尽管现有的文献试图解决性工作背景下的伤害意味着什么，但很少有外推来思考性工作本身可以告诉我们其他类型的工作，这些工作也具有不稳定性，异化，这项研究解决了我们如何发展一个对性工作的解释，既解释和定位性工作中嵌入的危害，围绕（性）工作，并促使我们质疑当代形式资本主义下工作的性质。该项目围绕以下问题展开：性工作是什么样的工作？什么是（性）工作不可或缺的危害，我们如何理解其性质和影响？性工作中是否存在着不可或缺的具体危害？这与我们如何理解其他工作的危害有什么关系？我们如何理解剥削、异化或不稳定等伤害及其在性工作中的作用？ 对性工作及其危害的分析如何能更广泛地重新引导我们对工作的规范性思考？ 这种分析如何帮助我们重新构想未来的工作模式和组织？这项研究从一系列学科中汲取了方法和概念上的见解。该项目结合了规范性政治理论、性别研究、法律的研究和公共政策的见解。在借鉴女性主义认识论的见解，本研究采用了女性主义的立场方法论。这涉及到将那些被边缘化的人的观点纳入围绕性工作的话语中，通过利用性工作者主导的账户，从他们的立场“开始思考”（Harding，2004;见Fine，2019）。为此，该项目与相关利益攸关方开展的现有实证研究（例如，在联合王国开展工作的性工作者权利组织的报告）相结合，并对联合王国的性工作者权利运动进行了一些档案研究。

This project explores and assesses the harms of different forms of sex work, including prostitution, drawing on political philosophy, the sociology of work and feminist theory. In approaching sex work as a form of work, this project aims to provide a substantive account of the harms of (sex) work, and an assessment of the possibilities this conceptual lens can offer when constructing a critique of work and how work might be organised. Although feminist theory has historically focused on the moral desirability of prostitution, narratives emphasising that sex work 'contains work' have attempted to transcend assessing sex work as either 'good' or 'bad'. These latter accounts have sought to shift the attention to the conditions that structure this work (Grant, 2014; Mac & Smith, 2018). However, many of these accounts disagree on what it is that defines sex work as a kind of work. Some accounts emphasise that prostitution is a form of remunerated labour (e.g. English Collective of Prostitutes, 2015). However, Julia O'Connell Davidson (1998) argues instead that sex work is an institution where money is parted with to secure power over another. As Lydia Medland et al (2018) argues, defining what work is always difficult and contested, and sex work appears as no exception to this.Several philosophical traditions have experienced a resurgent interest in work, from 'utopian' theorising about the future of work in some Marxian approaches, to concerns about the meaningfulness of work in analytical philosophy, and debates in republicanism about domination in the workplace (e.g. Anderson, 2017; Muirhead, 2004; Vrousalis, 2019; Weeks, 2011; Yeoman et al., 2019). Through conceptualising sex work as work, this poses normative opportunities that allow us to understand it as a case study for the nature of work in general. We can explore how harms such as precarity or alienation are manifested, as well as how technology and innovation might feature in work organisation. Although the existing literature has sought to address what harms mean in the context of sex work, there has been minimal extrapolation to think about what sex work itself can tell us about other kinds of work that are also characterised by precarity, alienation, technological changes and regulations.This research addresses how we might develop an account of the work in sex work that both explains and locates the harms embedded within and surrounding (sex) work and prompts us to question the nature of work under contemporary forms of capitalism. The project revolves around the following questions: What sort of work is sex work? What are the harms integral to (sex) work and how do we understand their nature and impact? Are there specific harms that are integral to sex work? How does this relate to how we understand the harms in other kinds of work? How do we understand harms such as exploitation, alienation or precarity and their role in sex work? How can an analysis of sex work and its harms reorient our normative thinking about work more broadly? How might this analysis help us reimagine future models and organisations of work? This research draws methodological and conceptual insights from a range of disciplines. This project combines insights from normative political theory, gender studies, legal studies and public policy. In drawing on insights from feminist epistemology, this research adopts a feminist standpoint methodology. This involves incorporating the perspectives of those marginalised in discourses surrounding sex work to 'begin thought' from their standpoint through utilising sex worker-led accounts (Harding, 2004; see Fine, 2019). In keeping with this, the project engages with existing empirical research conducted with relevant stakeholders (e.g. reports by sex worker's rights organisations working in the UK) and undertakes some archival research on the sex worker's rights movement in the UK.