Effects of Hearing Status on Adult Speech Production

该应用程序的目标是：为有关听力在言语产生中的作用的知识体系做出贡献;描述听力障碍者的言语和假肢的效果;并评估和完善听力模型的属性言语中的听力作用。 我们通过对以下人群进行实验来实现这些目标：成年人工耳蜗使用者;助听器使用者;不使用假肢的聋人;听力正常的人。 根据我们的模型，听力在成人言语运动控制中的作用，言语产生涉及听觉目标，因此发音运动及其听觉后果之间的映射。该项目调查：（1）长期耳聋后映射如何退化，当一些听力恢复时如何恢复，以及如何受到听力短期变化的影响;（2）在有听力和没有听力的情况下引入咬合块时对言语的影响;（3）在说话者接受人工耳蜗后，将音位变化映射到听觉目标的证据;（4）假体使用者的语音类别结构;（5）增加听觉目标数量的效果（6）清晰度要求和听觉反馈对语音对比的影响;（7）听觉变化引起言语参数变化的时间;（8）听觉状态对口语音节视听整合的影响;（9）听力损失对可见语音激活听觉皮层的影响;（10）听力损失年龄对语音激活皮层的影响;（11）听力损失年龄对语音对比的影响。在大多数研究中采用的自变量是：人工耳蜗植入的初始提供;听觉反馈的修改;以及修改的阶段（植入前，植入后不久，植入后很长时间）。 在一般情况下，这些干预措施的效果进行评估，通过检查音素识别，皮层激活水平，并在语音生产，声学措施的选择语音对比-辅音和元音-以及整个声学元音空间的属性。

The goals of this application are: to contribute to the body of knowledge on the role of hearing in speech production; to describe the speech of hearing-impaired persons and the effects of prostheses; and to evaluate and refine the properties of a model of the role of hearing in speech. We pursue those goals by conducting experiments with: adult cochlear implant users; hearing aid users; deaf speakers who do not use prostheses; and speakers with normal hearing. According to our model of the role of hearing in adult speech motor control, speech production involves auditory goals and thus mappings between articulatory movements and their auditory consequences. The project investigates: (1) how mappings are degraded after long deafness, retuned when some hearing is restored, and affected by short-term changes in hearing; (2) the effects on speech when bite blocks are introduced with and without hearing; (3) evidence that the mapping of allophonic variation into auditory goals improves after the speaker receives a cochlear prosthesis; (4) the structure of phonetic categories in prosthesis users; (5) the effects of increasing the number of auditory goals (by comparing two languages with different vowel inventories) on responses to changes in auditory feedback; (6) the effects of clarity demands and auditory feedback on phonetic contrasts; (7) the timing of changes in speech parameters in response to changes in hearing; (8) effects of hearing status on audio-visual integration of spoken syllables; (9) effects of hearing loss on activation of auditory cortex by visible speech; (10) effects of age at hearing loss on cortical activation during speech; and (11) the effects of age at hearing loss on phonetic contrasts. Independent variables that are employed in most of the studies are: initial provision of a cochlear implant; modification of auditory feedback; and the stage at which the modification is made (before implantation, shortly after, long after). In general, the effects of these interventions are assessed by examining phoneme recognition, levels of cortical activation and, in speech production, acoustic measures of selected phonetic contrasts - consonantal and vocalic - as well as properties of the overall acoustic vowel space.