How agreements are formed and, potentially, break down into cycles of punishment and retribution: the interaction between emotion and reasoning

协议是如何形成的，并可能分解为惩罚和报应的循环：情感与推理之间的相互作用

• 批准号: 2569988
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2569988
• 关键词: How; agreements; formed; potentially; break

Punishment is often regarded as a way to promote future cooperation, when people behave uncooperatively. However, there is a potential retaliation cycle between punishment by people who are treated uncooperatively and retaliation by those who are punished. These cycles can be mutually destructive, leading to long-running feuds and conflicts. One powerful factor is driving such cycles appears to emotions, especially anger. Anger can motivate people to engage in punishment which will be costly to be both parties---which may appear fundamentally irrational, according to conventional rational choice models. But anger has, nonetheless, a rational function---without it, a purely forward-looking rational agent may not credibly threaten to punish; and hence the other may be uncooperative with impunity. The present project applies a new theory of rational interaction, virtual bargaining, to understand anger and punishment. According to virtual bargaining, people form implicit agreements about 'appropriate' behaviour; and these agreements will include implicit expectations of punishment, if behaviour is uncooperative. "Moral" emotions such as anger function to "police" agreements---so that both parties know that punishment may occur, even when carrying that punishment is mutually destructive---and hence potentially enhancing cooperation. According to this viewpoint, moral emotions, and subsequent punishment, depend crucially on common knowledge of the implicit agreement. Most previous studies of punishment have used public good games. To combine emotion and punishment, some researchers drew on previous studies to create a social dilemma game, which is similar to the trust game but includes a dynamic punishment setting. Based on previous studies in this area, we will use the lab experimental method to explore these questions. In terms of theoretical contributions, this project will extend the virtual bargaining theory to punishment and will elucidate the function of emotions in the punishment process. With regard to its implications, this project provides a better understanding of punishment and retaliation behaviour in the social context, and of the function of emotion (e.g., anger) in bargaining and in daily life. Furthermore, it also has a broad contribution for us to reconsider people's behaviour in punishment context of our moral life without strong law enforcement. Moreover, this gives us some inspirations on extending virtual bargaining to punishment with law enforcement (e.g., third party) to help us understand the efficiency of punishment laws making for criminals. In summary, this project contributes to the literature of psychology, economics, ethics etc. under the novel virtual bargaining, and to the implication on individuals and on policy or lawmakers.

当人们表现出不合作时，惩罚通常被认为是促进未来合作的一种方式。然而，在被不合作对待的人的惩罚和被惩罚的人的报复之间存在着一个潜在的报复循环。这些循环可能是相互破坏的，导致长期的争斗和冲突。一个强大的因素是驱动这样的周期似乎情绪，特别是愤怒。愤怒可以促使人们进行惩罚，这对双方来说都是代价高昂的--根据传统的理性选择模型，这可能从根本上看是不理性的。但是，愤怒有一种理性的功能--如果没有它，一个纯粹向前看的理性行为者可能不会合理地威胁要惩罚;因此，另一个人可能不合作而不受惩罚。本项目应用一种新的理性互动理论，虚拟讨价还价，来理解愤怒和惩罚。根据虚拟讨价还价，人们形成了关于“适当”行为的隐含协议;如果行为不合作，这些协议将包括惩罚的隐含预期。“道德”情绪，如愤怒，起到“监督”协议的作用-这样双方都知道惩罚可能发生，即使实施惩罚是相互破坏的-因此有可能加强合作。根据这一观点，道德情感和随后的惩罚，关键取决于对隐含协议的共同认识。以前大多数关于惩罚的研究都使用了公益游戏。为了将情感和惩罚联合收割机结合起来，一些研究人员借鉴了之前的研究，创建了一种社交困境游戏，该游戏类似于信任游戏，但包括动态惩罚设置。本文将在前人研究的基础上，采用实验室实验的方法对这些问题进行探讨。在理论贡献方面，本项目将把虚拟谈判理论扩展到惩罚，并阐明情感在惩罚过程中的作用。关于其影响，该项目提供了一个更好的理解惩罚和报复行为在社会背景下，和情感的功能（例如，愤怒）在讨价还价和日常生活中。此外，它也有一个广泛的贡献，我们重新考虑人们的行为，在惩罚的背景下，我们的道德生活没有强有力的执法。此外，这也给了我们一些将虚拟讨价还价扩展到执法处罚的启示（例如，第三人），以帮助我们了解惩罚法律对犯罪人的效率。综上所述，本研究对心理学、经济学、伦理学等领域的文献，以及对个人、政策或立法者的启示都有贡献。