The Constitutional Protection of Property: How is Respect for Property Rights Reconciled with Conflicting Fundamental Rights of Non-owners?

尊重财产在许多司法管辖区和《欧洲人权公约》中作为一项基本权利或宪法权利受到保护。这项研究的目的是通过财产权与非所有者的基本权利之间的冲突的视角来理解受宪法保护的尊重财产权利的性质。例如，当房东寻求占有他们作为住所的房产时，租户的私人和家庭生活得到尊重的权利；当土地所有者将政治抗议者赶出自己的土地时，言论自由的权利；或者当土地所有者以歧视性的方式行使任意排斥或自由疏远的权力时，租户享有平等待遇的权利。我将借鉴英国法院和欧洲人权法院的判例，研究法院如何解决此类冲突，这揭示了被捍卫的财产概念的哪些方面，以及辩护的根本理由。关键问题包括：法院如何将财产的实质视为一项明显的宪法权利，这与私法概念所特有的权利捆绑有何关系；法院是否将所有人和非所有人之间的纠纷视为揭示了需要某种形式的相称性分析或平衡的真正权利冲突，还是采取了一种“确定”的平衡办法，即在概念层面上通过财产规则的边界来划定非财产权的范围，反之亦然；法院如何构思向财产提供宪法保护的理由，以及这与相互竞争的基本权利所依据的价值观有何关系。回答这些问题将需要考虑关于权利冲突的性质和可能性、相称性分析在宪法裁决中的作用以及权利的根本理由的更广泛的理论辩论。

Respect for property enjoys protection as a fundamental or constitutional right in numerous jurisdictions and under the ECHR. This research will aim to understand the nature of a constitutionally protected right to respect for property through the lens of conflicts between property rights and the fundamental rights of non-owners. Examples include tenants' rights to respect for their private and family life where a landlord seeks possession of a property they occupy as a home, rights to freedom of expression where a landowner ejects political protestors from their land, or the right to equal treatment where a landowner exercises their powers of arbitrary exclusion or free alienation in a discriminatory manner.Drawing on the caselaw of UK courts and the ECtHR, I will examine how courts approach the resolution of such conflicts, what this reveals about the concept of property that is being defended, and the underlying justification for its defence. Key questions include how courts conceive of the substance of property as a distinctly constitutional right and how this relates to the bundle of entitlements which characterises the private law concept; whether courts treat disputes between owners and non-owners as revealing a genuine conflict of rights requiring some form of proportionality analysis or balancing, or whether they take a 'definitional' approach to balancing whereby the scope of non-property rights are delineated at the conceptual level by the boundaries of property rules or vice versa; how courts conceive of the reasons for affording constitutional protection to property and how this relates to the values underpinning competing fundamental rights. Answering these questions will entail consideration of broader theoretical debates concerning the nature and possibility of rights conflicts, the role of proportionality analysis in constitutional adjudication, and the underlying justifications of rights.