Rural Super-Gentrification: An Investigation of Social Change Within Rural England

乡村绅士化出现于20世纪70年代末和80年代初，菲利普斯（1993）在乡村绅士化研究方面处于领先地位。随后的研究发现了一系列农村背景下的中产阶级化，包括偏远的舒适区，可访问的城乡边缘地区，以及大量的形式：农业中产阶级化，荒野中产阶级化和农村边缘中产阶级化。斯托克代尔（2010），史密斯和菲利普斯（2018），史密斯等人（2019）和菲利普斯等人（2020）的研究已经确定了英国农村地区的超级绅士化案例，特别是苏格兰的Crieff和英格兰赫特福德郡的Tewin。超级中产阶级化意味着通过具有极高经济资本水平的人的迁入，将以前的中产阶级化，繁荣的社区转变为进一步的排他性和昂贵的飞地（Butler和Lees，2006; Lees，2003）。这在已经绅士化的地区内动员了对物业的投资，其方式在数量上高于早期绅士化者，并且在所进行的重建形式及其对当地的影响方面在质量上不同，早期绅士化者在那些流离失所的人中具有特色（菲利普斯等人，2020年; 2021年）。此外，对超级中产阶级化的研究从不同方面强调了经济资本和工人全球化流动、金融化、职业变化、客观化和制度化文化资本以及邻里社会关系和身份转变的重要性（Butler和Lees，2006年; Lees，2003年;菲利普斯和史密斯，2018年）。尽管提到了农村超级中产阶级化，自从Lees（2003）创造了“世界城市”一词以来，在超级绅士化研究中仍然存在明显的城市偏见。相比之下，农村背景下的超级中产阶级化很少受到关注，所作的参考包括作为农村中产阶级化及其与其他社会进程关系的更广泛研究的一部分的评论（Smith等人，2019）和位移（菲利普斯等人，2020年; 2021年）。也有关于“新农村绅士”和“新乡绅”的研究（Heley，2010; Woods，2005）;然而，这些研究在很大程度上与绅士化研究相隔离，没有提到超级绅士化。尽管缺乏农村超级中产阶级化研究，但Bernt（2018）和菲利普斯和史密斯（2018）说明了城市和农村中产阶级化的相互关联性，此后农村中产阶级化研究的相关性。此外，COVID-19凸显了超级富豪从大都市中心向农村地区的移民，Smith et al.（2021）认为这将加剧农村中产阶级化的进程，导致农村地区变得越来越排外。因此，本研究旨在探讨这种现象的出现，更深入、更细致地了解农村超级市场，通过调查对比鲜明的农村地区的社会变化，将资本/资产“生产方面”的方法和消费与文化认同的理论结合起来，实现中产阶级化。这项研究还将确定和研究对比农村地区超级绅士化的过程和代理人。此外，这项研究将评估在何种程度上发生流离失所的后果，农村超级绅士化，什么形式的流离失所发生，谁和什么是受此影响。

Rural gentrification emerged during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Phillips (1993) has led the way regarding rural gentrification research. Subsequent studies have discerned gentrification in an array of rural contexts, encompassing remote amenity areas, accessible rural-urban fringe locations, and a plethora of forms: agricultural gentrification, wilderness gentrification and rural marginal gentrification. Studies by Stockdale (2010), Smith and Phillips (2018), Smith et al. (2019) and Phillips et al. (2020) have identified cases of super-gentrification within rural locations in the UK, specifically Crieff in Scotland and Tewin, Hertfordshire, England. Super-gentrification entails the transformation of a previously gentrified, prosperous neighbourhood into further exclusive and expensive enclaves through an in-migration of people with exceptionally high levels of economic capital (Butler and Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003). This mobilises an investment in properties within already gentrified areas in ways which are quantitively higher than that of earlier gentrifiers, and qualitatively distinct regarding forms of rebuilding undertaken and its implications on the locality, with earlier gentrifiers featuring amongst those who are displaced (Phillips et al., 2020; 2021). Moreover, studies of super-gentrification have variously accentuated the significance of globalised flows of economic capital and workers, financialisation, occupational change, objectified and institutional cultural capital, and transformations in neighbourhood social relations and identities (Butler and Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003; Phillips and Smith, 2018).Despite references to rural super-gentrification, a clear urban bias remains within super-gentrification research with a 'world cities' emphasis since Lees' (2003) coining of the term. In comparison, super-gentrification in rural contexts has received little attention, with references made comprising of passing comments as part of wider studies of rural gentrification and its relations to other social processes- ageing in place (Smith et al., 2019) and displacement (Phillips et al., 2020; 2021). There have also been studies of a 'New Rural Gentry' and 'New Squirearchy' (Heley, 2010; Woods, 2005); however, these have advanced largely in isolation from gentrification studies and with no reference to super-gentrification. Notwithstanding a paucity of rural super-gentrification research, Bernt (2018) and Phillips and Smith (2018) illustrate the interconnected nature of urban and rural gentrification, henceforth the relevance of rural gentrification research. Moreover, COVID-19 has highlighted a super-rich in-migration to rural areas away from metropolitan centres, what Smith et al. (2021) contend will exacerbate processes of rural gentrification and result in rural areas becoming increasingly exclusive.This research therefore aims to explore the emergence, and to advance a deeper and more nuanced understanding of rural super-gentrification through investigating social change within contrasting rural areas drawing together capital/asset 'production-side' approaches and theorisations of consumption and cultural identity. This research will also determine and examine the processes and agents of super-gentrification within contrasting rural areas. Moreover, this research will evaluate the extent to which displacement occurs as a consequence of rural super-gentrification, what forms of displacement occur and who and what is impacted by this.