Is Increased Reward Responsivity Responsible for the After-Effects of Self-control? An EEG Approach.

奖励反应的增加是否会导致自我控制的后遗症?

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    2606182
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    --
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2021 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    未结题

项目摘要

Resource Model of Self-ControlSelf-control has been extensively studied through the lens of the resource model. According to this model, the capacity to override or alter one's responses depends on a limited inner resource or strength [1,2]. Acts of self-control are thought to consume or deplete this strength, resulting in a temporary decline in the capacity for self-control (i.e., ego depletion). In support of this view, numerous studies have found that engaging in a taxing (or depleting) self-control task temporarily undermines performance on subsequent demanding tasks [2]. Nevertheless, empirical controversies related to the validity of the resource model have arisen. An initial meta-analysis of the resource model obtained evidence for consistent, large effects [3], but more recent meta-analyses concluded that the effect is negligible after adjusting for publication bias [4,5]. However, methods used in these latter meta-analyses have, in turn, been called into question [6]. Finally, a multi-laboratory experiment found non-significant aftereffects of self-control exertion [7], whereas other preregistered, large-sample studies reportedstatistically significant, albeit smaller than expected, effects [8,9]. Collectively, these works suggest that the validity of the resource model of self-control and the aftereffects of self-control remain poorly understood.Reward Responsivity Hypothesis of Self-ControlKelley et al. [10] recently proposed a reward responsivity hypothesis of self-control. This hypothesis states that, irrespective of self-control success, the act of exercising self-control is aversive and engenders negative affect [11]; and in order to countermand this discomfort, reward-seeking behaviourmay be amplified after bouts of self-control, to bring individuals back to a mildly positive baseline state. Several studies have found evidence that exercising self-control increases subsequent reward-seeking behaviour, including eating, spending, and sexual behaviour [2]. Indeed, these behavioural outcomescould be due to a reduction in the capacity for control (as others initially assumed) or due to increases in reward responsivity and approach motivation [10]. Besides, several studies, in line with the hypothesis, have circumvented this interpretational ambiguity by having participants' complete reward-related tasksrequiring little to no self-control. These studies find that self-control exertion enhances self-reported approach motivation [12] and positive emotional reactivity [13]. Several theoretical models of self-control are also consistent with the reward responsivity hypothesis. The process model proposes that shifts in motivation and attention steer individuals away from the further engagement of control and toward rewards [14,15]. Integrative self-control theory posits that, because control efforts are taxing and dependent upon finite resources, exercising self-control eventually tips the scales toward greater desire-driven reward-seeking behaviour [16]. Value-based choice models of selfcontrol suggest that exercising self-control shifts valued-based calculations in favour of more immediate, hedonic options over more effortful options in accord with one's long-term goals [17]. Similarly, both cognitive dissonance [18,19] and psychological contrast [20] accounts of effort suggest that aversive states elicited by the exertion of effort make the end-result or reward appear more valuable.Furthermore, research on counter-regulation indicates that individuals more easily process information that is incongruent with their prevailing emotional state [21]. Insofar as exercising self-control is aversive, counter-regulation would predict greater ease in processing reward-relevant information, leading to a compensatory attentional shift towards rewards after exerting self-control. Finally, opponent process theories of motivation assume that organisms have a fundamental motivatation to maintain homeostasis and shifts
自我控制的资源模型 人们通过资源模型的视角对自我控制进行了广泛的研究。根据这个模型,推翻或改变一个人的反应的能力取决于有限的内在资源或力量[1,2]。自我控制行为被认为会消耗或耗尽这种力量,导致自我控制能力暂时下降(即自我损耗)。为了支持这一观点,大量研究发现,从事繁重(或消耗)自我控制的任务会暂时损害后续高要求任务的表现[2]。然而,与资源模型有效性相关的实证争议已经出现。对资源模型的初步荟萃分析获得了一致、巨大影响的证据[3],但最近的荟萃分析得出结论,在调整出版偏倚后,该影响可以忽略不计[4,5]。然而,后面这些荟萃分析中使用的方法反过来又受到了质疑[6]。最后,一项多实验室实验发现,自我控制的努力没有显着的后遗症[7],而其他预先登记的大样本研究报告了统计上显着的效果,尽管比预期的要小[8,9]。总的来说,这些工作表明,人们对自我控制资源模型的有效性和自我控制的后果仍然知之甚少。自我控制的奖赏反应假说Kelley等人。 [10]最近提出了自我控制的奖赏反应假说。该假设指出,无论自我控制是否成功,行使自我控制的行为都是令人厌恶的并会产生负面影响[11];为了抵消这种不适,在自我控制后,寻求奖励的行为可能会被放大,使个体回到温和积极的基线状态。几项研究发现证据表明,锻炼自我控制会增加随后的寻求奖励行为,包括饮食、支出和性行为[2]。事实上,这些行为结果可能是由于控制能力的降低(正如其他人最初假设的那样)或由于奖励反应性和接近动机的增加[10]。此外,根据该假设,一些研究通过让参与者完成与奖励相关的任务几乎不需要或不需要自我控制,从而避免了这种解释上的模糊性。这些研究发现,自我控制的发挥增强了自我报告的接近动机[12]和积极的情绪反应[13]。一些自我控制的理论模型也与奖励反应假设相一致。该过程模型提出,动机和注意力的转变会引导个体远离进一步的控制而转向奖励[14,15]。综合自我控制理论认为,由于控制努力是一项繁重的工作并且依赖于有限的资源,因此行使自我控制最终会使天平向更大的欲望驱动的寻求奖励行为倾斜[16]。基于价值的自我控制选择模型表明,行使自我控制会改变基于价值的计算,有利于更直接、享乐的选择,而不是符合个人长期目标的更努力的选择[17]。同样,对努力的认知失调[18,19]和心理对比[20]都表明,努力所引发的厌恶状态使最终结果或奖励显得更有价值。此外,反调节研究表明,个人更容易处理与其普遍情绪状态不一致的信息[21]。由于行使自我控制是令人厌恶的,反监管将预示着处理与奖励相关的信息会更加容易,从而导致在行使自我控制后补偿性注意力转向奖励。最后,动机的对手过程理论假设生物体具有维持体内平衡和转变的基本动机

项目成果

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其他文献

吉治仁志 他: "トランスジェニックマウスによるTIMP-1の線維化促進機序"最新医学. 55. 1781-1787 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等:“转基因小鼠中 TIMP-1 的促纤维化机制”现代医学 55. 1781-1787 (2000)。
  • DOI:
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    0
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LiDAR Implementations for Autonomous Vehicle Applications
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
  • 通讯作者:
生命分子工学・海洋生命工学研究室
生物分子工程/海洋生物技术实验室
  • DOI:
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    0
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吉治仁志 他: "イラスト医学&サイエンスシリーズ血管の分子医学"羊土社(渋谷正史編). 125 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等人:“血管医学与科学系列分子医学图解”Yodosha(涉谷正志编辑)125(2000)。
  • DOI:
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    0
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Effect of manidipine hydrochloride,a calcium antagonist,on isoproterenol-induced left ventricular hypertrophy: "Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,K.,Teragaki,M.,Iwao,H.and Yoshikawa,J." Jpn Circ J. 62(1). 47-52 (1998)
钙拮抗剂盐酸马尼地平对异丙肾上腺素引起的左心室肥厚的影响:“Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,
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的其他文献

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