The European Union in the Global Refugee Regime: A Political Economic Approach to the Humanitarian-Development Nexus

该项目审查了欧洲联盟（欧盟）在全球难民制度中促进援助和流离失所管理新技术的作用。它提出了一项研究，研究欧盟如何帮助将“联系模式”（一种呼吁加强人道主义和发展援助之间一致性的模式）纳入主流，作为其应对所谓叙利亚难民危机的一部分。在这样做的时候，我探讨了在多大程度上，通过什么过程thenexus模型已被用来导航和促进欧盟的政治和经济利益，在一个多个成员国控股公司。本文以约旦和黎巴嫩为例，运用话语分析和过程追踪的方法对定性数据进行分析。该项目通过突出欧盟在推动当代政策发展中发挥的关键作用，同时展示欧盟参与如何通过与其他关键利益相关者的互动而形成，从而为国际政治经济学和人道主义发展关系的关键难民研究提供了奖学金。通过将关系模型置于一个关键的政治经济学框架中，我认为我们可以更好地理解这种方法更广泛地服务的利益，以及它如何具体地影响受益人。15.7由于全球难民人口中有200万人处于长期困境中（难民署，2019年），因此，nexus模型已被制定为管理流离失所问题的关键战略。基于先前的模式，如“救济、恢复和发展联系”（LRRD），“联系模式”可以被定义为通过公共、私人和第三部门参与者的共同参与，试图“加强人道主义和发展行动的合作、一致性和互补性”（OECD-DAC 2020，6）。从理论上讲，exus模式被视为难民危机的“双赢”解决方案，承诺不仅支持难民，而且支持东道国政府，私营部门和扩大的国际社会（Soederberg和Tawakkul 2020）。然而，在实践中，学者们注意到了不同的利益，一些人（如捐助者和私人演员）获得的回报比其他人（如难民）更高（Burlin 2019; Zetter 2019; Anolt和Sinatti 2018; Arar 2017）。IPE奖学金的见解可以帮助解释nexus模型的分层影响。正如批判的政治经济学家所指出的，国际援助的分配不应仅仅被解释为对人道主义和发展需求的回应，而且也应该--有些人会说更重要--地缘政治和经济利益（例如，Bermeo 2017;姆克林2014; Lundsgaarde，Breunig和Prakash 2010; Kilby 2009）。在这方面，先前关于人道主义与发展关系的研究强调了欧盟在促进关系模型的设计和实施方面的重要作用，特别是在强迫流离失所的情况下（Burlin 2019; Anholt和Sinatti 2018）。欧盟参与联结方法的形式多种多样，包括采用2016年欧盟-约旦契约、2016年欧盟-黎巴嫩契约和2018年埃塞俄比亚就业契约等政策框架，以及通过开发欧盟应对叙利亚危机区域信托基金和欧盟非洲紧急信托基金等金融工具。总的来说，欧盟将nexus方法描述为“欧盟的共同愿景”（ECHO 2020）。在此背景下，本项目因此提出：欧盟的参与如何影响了nexus模型的设计和实施？在回答这个问题时，我将探讨如何使用关系方法来引导和促进欧盟的政治和经济利益。

This project examines the role of the European Union (EU)in promoting new technologies for aid and displacementmanagement in the global refugee regime. It presents astudy of how the EU has helped mainstream the "nexusmodel"-a model that calls for strengthened coherencebetween humanitarian and development aid-as part of itsresponse to the so-called Syrian refugee crisis. In doing so,I explore to what extent and through what processes thenexus model has been used to navigate and promote EUpolitical and economic interests in a multi-stakeholderenvironment. I take Jordan and Lebanon as two initial casestudies, using discourse analysis and process-tracing tointerpret qualitative data. The project contributes tonascent scholarship in international political economy andcritical refugee studies on the humanitarian-developmentnexus by highlighting the key role played by the EU indriving contemporary policy developments, whilesimultaneously showing how EU engagement is shaped byits interactions with other key stakeholders. By situatingthe nexus model in a critical political economy framework,I argue that we can better understand the interests such anapproach serves more broadly and how it affects refugeebeneficiaries specifically.16 Research Project Proposal At a time when over three-quarters (ca. 15.7 million) of theglobal refugee population are in a protracted situation(UNHCR 2019), the nexus model has been framed as a keystrategy to manage displacement. Building on previousmodels such as "Linking Relief, Rehabilitation, andDevelopment" (LRRD), the nexus model can be defined asan attempt at "strengthening collaboration, coherence, andcomplementarity" of humanitarian and developmentactions through shared involvement of public, private, andthird sector actors (OECD-DAC 2020, 6). In theory, thenexus model has been framed as a "win-win" solution torefugee crises, promising to support not just refugees, but3 / 16also host governments, the private sector, and theextended international community (Soederberg andTawakkul 2020). In practice, however, scholars have noteddivergent benefits, with some-like donors and privateactors-reaping a higher reward than others-like refugees(Burlin 2019; Zetter 2019; Anolt and Sinatti 2018; Arar2017).Insights from IPE scholarship can help explain the stratifiedimpact of the nexus model. As critical political economistshave argued, the allocation of international aid should notsolely be interpreted as a response to humanitarian anddevelopment needs, but also-and some would say moreimportantly-geopolitical and economic interests (e.g.Bermeo 2017; McLean 2014; Lundsgaarde, Breunig andPrakash 2010; Kilby 2009). In this regard, previous studieson the humanitarian-development nexus have highlightedthe important role of the EU in contributing to the designand implementation of the nexus model, particularly inforced displacement contexts (Burlin 2019; Anholt andSinatti 2018). EU engagement with the nexus approach hastaken multiple forms, including the adoption of policyframeworks such as the 2016 EU-Jordan Compact, the 2016EU-Lebanon Compact, and the 2018 Ethiopia Job Compact,as well as through the development of financialinstruments like the EU Regional Trust Fund in Response tothe Syrian Crisis and the EU Emergency Trust Fund forAfrica. Overall, the EU has described the nexus approach as"a shared vision in the EU" (ECHO 2020).Against this backdrop, this project thus asks: how has EUengagement influenced the design and implementation ofthe nexus model? In answering this question, I will explorehow the nexus approach has been used to navigate andpromote EU political and economic interests.