Making the market moral? Understanding the "social and solidarity economy" in "emerging" Senegal

2008年后的经济人类学对波兰的概念进行了富有想象力的运用，以探索经济生活的道德维度。对经济“嵌入性”的局部形式与宏观层面形成的形式之间的关系进行更有力的解释，对于人类学和更广泛的社会科学探究“包容性经济”的相互竞争的模型和概念都至关重要。西非国家塞内加尔为探讨这一挑战提供了一个适当的案例。虽然基础设施投资和通过塞内加尔新兴计划（PSE）的部门自由化刺激了增长，但贫困和失业率仍然很高。然而，PSE也包含了一些倡议，提出了一种更非正统的经济发展方法，特别是“社会和团结经济”（SSE）：一系列促进合作社、互助银行发展的行动，以及小型“非正式”企业的“正规化”。回想起波兰尼著名的“双重运动”，SSE被其当地拥护者视为提供了新自由主义的另一种选择，并恢复了塞内加尔独特的团结价值观。这种看法可能过于简单化了。合作社在塞内加尔并不新鲜；在独立后不久的时期，农业合作社的大规模形成受到腐败和农民剥削的破坏。许多当代塞内加尔合作社的大量（有时占主导地位）女性成员要求对SSE对性别不平等的影响给予关键关注。同样，正如大量文献所证明的那样，塞内加尔的许多小企业活动已经毫无疑问地“嵌入”在社会关系中，通常是由亲属关系或宗教协会组织起来的。本研究将从民族志的角度探讨上交所，探索如何不仅从“双重运动”的角度来理解它，而且从不同“人类经济”的表达角度来理解它——或者从使市场道德的各种尝试的角度来理解它。在这些计划的接收端，对小业主和合作社成员的参与性观察将研究国家主导的SSE如何作为在国家层面上追求经济“重新嵌入”的尝试，与他们已经参与的各种地方嵌入的经济实践和生活项目相互作用。实地工作将不仅关注“干预”的具体时刻，如商业支持活动，还将更广泛地涉及参与的企业家和合作成员的日常生活和生活世界。因此，除了处理人类学问题外，这项研究还将讨论更广泛的问题，即体制“趋同”作为政策目标的局限性，以及更忠实于当地“价值”和想象的其他发展模式的可能性。

Post-2008 economic anthropology has made imaginative use of Polanyian concepts to explore the moral dimension of economic life. Developing a stronger account of the relationship between localised forms of economic "embeddedness" and those taking shape at macro-level remains crucial, both for anthropology and for broader social scientific enquiry into competing models and conceptions of an "inclusive economy". The West African country of Senegal offers an appropriate case through which to explore this challenge. While infrastructure investment and sectoral liberalisation through the Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) have stimulated growth, poverty and unemployment remain high. However, the PSE also contains initiatives suggesting a more heterodox approach to economic development, notably the "Social and Solidarity Economy" (SSE): a range of actions promoting the development of cooperatives, mutuals, and the "formalisation" of small "informal" businesses. Recalling Polanyi's famous "double movement", the SSE is seen by its local advocates as providing an alternative to neoliberalism and recovering distinctively Senegalese values of solidarity. This picture may be too simplistic. Cooperatives are not new in Senegal; the mass-formation of agricultural cooperatives in the immediate post-independence period was marred by corruption and peasant exploitation. The substantial (sometimes predominant) female membership of many contemporary Senegalese cooperatives demands critical attention to the SSE's implications for gendered inequalities. Equally, as a rich literature attests, much Senegalese small business activity is already unmistakably "embedded" in social relations, often organised by ties of kinship or religious association. This study will approach the SSE ethnographically, to explore how it might be understood not simply in terms of "double movement", but also in terms of the articulation of different "human economies" - or of diverse attempts to make the market moral. Participant observation among the petty entrepreneurs and cooperative members at the receiving end of these schemes will examine how the state-led SSE, as an attempt at economic "re-embedding" pursued at a national level, interacts with the various locally-embedded economic practices and life projects in which they are already engaged. Fieldwork will not only focus on specific moments of "intervention", such as business support activities, but will also engage more broadly with the daily lives and life worlds of participating entrepreneurs and cooperative members. As well as addressing anthropological problems, the study will thus speak to wider questions about the limits of institutional "convergence" as policy goal, and the possibility of alternative models of development which are more faithful to local "values" and imaginaries.