Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanobubbles in Liquid Fuels

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Producing fluids with improved thermophysical properties has been a challenge for researchers for many years. There are several reports on nanoparticles (NPs) reinforced nanofluids (NFs) disregarding challenges concerning dispersion of NPs in a suitable liquid carrier. The advent of nanomaterials with improved properties, particularly higher thermal conductivity, enables researchers to develop NFs with improved thermophysical properties. Graphene (G), an important member of the carbon nanomaterials, is made of C-atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal network, where each atom having a strong covalent bond with other three C-atoms of an average 1.42 bond length. Having the highest thermal conductivity among different NPs, G could be considered as one of the prime candidates to be combined with conventional heat-transfer fluids to obtain NFs with higher thermophysical properties. The extraordinary thermal conductivity of G and its other unique properties originate from hybrid orbitals, which leads G to be considered as the main option for producing engineered fluids