Rethinking Cultured Meat (CM) Growth Medium: Can Grassland Plant-Derived Supplements Sustainably Support CM Production?

重新思考培养肉 (CM) 生长培养基：草原植物源补充剂能否可持续支持 CM 生产？

• 批准号: 2749680
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Aberystwyth University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2749680
• 关键词: Rethinking; Cultured; Meat; CM; Growth

We are at the beginning of a fifth era of agriculture. One at the convergence of data, precision agriculture and biotechnology. Cultured protein/cultivated meat heralds an age of biological innovations that can provide alternative nutritious, flavourful and high-quality protein that is indistinguishable to the traditional. Cultured Meat (CM) research focusses on scalable production system bottlenecks i.e. bioreactor design, scaffolds, cell source and media formulation. The growth medium used for the proliferation and differentiation of the cells used in CM is essential to be able to produce the final product efficiently. Furthermore, formulation of the medium should also be considered in the carbon footprint of the final product, in order to produce a carbon neutral alternative meat protein. CM media is provided through commercially available base media products, containing an energy source, such as glucose, amino acids (AA, i.e. L-glutamine) and vitamins, but must also be supplemented with additional nutrients such as, hormones and growth factors, amongst others. These are usually provided through foetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation, dependent on the slaughter of pregnant cows. For meaningful global impact, CM protein production needs be both scalable and environmentally sustainable, which is the focus of Cellular Agriculture Ltd to reach large scale cultured protein production.There is considerable uncertainty over the environmental impacts of CM production; although global warming will be less with CM than with cattle initially, this may not apply in the long term because the methane (CH4) associated with cattle production does not accumulate in the atmosphere, unlike CO2, the main greenhouse gas associated with CM production[1]. Future impacts of CM will therefore depend on the availability of renewable systems of energy generation and current/future production systems in animal agriculture[2]. Moreover, assessments of CM to date have tended to overlook the multiple ecosystem services provided by livestock farming systems (e.g. socio-cultural benefits such as tourism provision), through a single-issue focus, limiting the applicability of the results to policy makers and practitioners alike[3]. Approximately 70% of the UK's commercial forage crops are grasses (Loillium/Festuca spp.) and clover (Trifolium spp.) from which a fructose and protein nutrient rich juice can be readily extracted. In cattle and sheep fructose and protein undergo metabolism in the rumen producing volatile fatty acids (VFA's) and microbial cellular protein (MCP) which undergoes proteolysis to AA for nutritional uptake along with VFAs. Both VFA's and MCP can be produced during the acidogenic phase of anaerobic digestion (AD), prior to production of CH4, and following proteolysis and downstream processing (DSP) could potentially ne a media for CM production.The student will undergo interdisciplinary training in biorefining and grassland science, anaerobic fermentation, population dynamics, bioinformatics and biotechnology to investigate protein and carbohydrate bioconversion to media formulations. Specific cell culture experimental design, methodological skills and analysis for CM production (i.e. cell culturing, biological analysis, microscopy) will be developed through experimental work. The student will be trained in LCA and approaches for sustainability indicator evaluation and uncertainty analysis.The training will be supported by expertise in AD, cell biology, statistical design of experiments, analytical chemistry and manufacturing design.

我们正处于第五个农业时代的开端。一个是数据、精准农业和生物技术的融合。培养蛋白质/培养肉类预示着一个生物创新的时代，可以提供替代营养，美味和高品质的蛋白质，与传统的蛋白质没有区别。培养肉（CM）的研究重点是可扩展的生产系统瓶颈，即生物反应器设计，支架，细胞来源和培养基配方。用于CM中使用的细胞增殖和分化的生长培养基对于能够有效地生产最终产品至关重要。此外，培养基的配方也应考虑最终产品的碳足迹，以生产碳中和的替代肉蛋白。CM培养基通过市售基础培养基产品提供，含有能量源，例如葡萄糖、氨基酸（AA，即L-谷氨酰胺）和维生素，但还必须补充额外的营养素，例如激素和生长因子等。这些通常通过胎牛血清（FBS）补充剂提供，取决于妊娠奶牛的屠宰。为了产生有意义的全球影响，CM蛋白质生产需要具有可扩展性和环境可持续性，这是Cellular Agriculture Ltd实现大规模培养蛋白质生产的重点。CM生产的环境影响存在相当大的不确定性;尽管最初使用CM的全球变暖将小于使用牛的全球变暖，从长远来看，这可能不适用，因为与牛生产相关的甲烷（CH 4）不会在大气中积累，而不像与CM生产相关的主要温室气体CO2 [1]。因此，CM的未来影响将取决于可再生能源发电系统和畜牧业当前/未来生产系统的可用性[2]。此外，迄今为止，对CM的评估往往忽视了畜牧业系统提供的多种生态系统服务（例如，提供旅游等社会文化效益），通过单一问题的焦点，限制了结果对决策者和从业者的适用性[3]。英国大约70%的商业饲料作物是草（Loillium/Festuca spp.）和三叶草（Trifolium spp.）从中可以容易地提取富含果糖和蛋白质营养的汁液。在牛和羊中，果糖和蛋白质在瘤胃中经历代谢，产生挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和微生物细胞蛋白（MCP），所述MCP经历蛋白水解成AA以与VFA一起沿着营养摄取。VFA和MCP都可以在厌氧消化（AD）的产酸阶段产生，在产生CH 4之前，随后的蛋白水解和下游加工（DSP）可能成为CM生产的介质。学生将接受生物精炼和草地科学，厌氧发酵，种群动力学，生物信息学和生物技术，研究蛋白质和碳水化合物生物转化为培养基配方。将通过实验工作开发CM生产的特定细胞培养实验设计、方法技能和分析（即细胞培养、生物分析、显微镜检查）。学生将接受LCA和可持续性指标评估和不确定性分析方法的培训。培训将得到AD，细胞生物学，实验统计设计，分析化学和制造设计方面的专业知识的支持。