Single molecule dynamics of enzyme catalysis for thermoadaptation and design

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This project combines single molecule experiments with simulations to investigate enzyme catalysis and dynamics. Itwill also test new theories of how evolution adapts enzymes to different temperatures, and use this knowledge todesign their properties. This project has potential impact ranging from developing new biocatalysts to understandinghow organisms respond to climate change. The project will provide excellent training in state-of-the-art biophysicalmethods and molecular dynamics simulations, in a collaborative project, with strong links in New Zealand.This project is a close collaboration between computation and experiment: simulations will inform experiment andvice versa, to reveal the dynamics of enzyme catalysis in atomic detail, and use that information to design and engineerbiocatalysts. Optoplasmonic nanoscale sensors, using 'Whispering-gallery modes,' can detect single proteins and theirmovements with high sensitivity. In this project, this technique will be applied to investigate the conformationalchanges of individual enzyme molecules during catalytic turnover. Simulations will provide the essential atomic-levelanalysis to interpret single-molecule measurements to reveal the dynamics of enzyme catalysis and thermoadaptation.The project will also investigate how enzymes are adapted to work at different temperatures. Enzymes have anoptimum temperature at which they are most catalytically active. Above that temperature, they become less active.The textbook explanation that enzymes unfold at higher temperatures does not explain this, most obviously for cold-adapted enzymes which are stable and folded, but less active, above their optimum temperature. In contrast to simple'chemical' catalysts, they become less active at higher temperatures even though they maintain their functional shape.Instead, a basic physical property - the heat capacity - explains and predicts the temperature dependence of enzymes.The heat capacity changes during the reaction and is 'tuned' by the enzyme's dynamics to give the optimaltemperature. The theory that describes this - macromolecular rate theory, (MMRT) - applies to all enzymes, and sohas a critical role in predicting metabolic activity as a function of temperature. Experiments are revealingcharacteristics of MMRT at the level of cells, whole organisms and even ecosystems. This means that it is important inunderstanding the response of biological systems to temperature changes, for example, how ecosystems will respondto climate change.This project will use simulations and experiments toreveal how enzyme dynamics are tuned todetermine optimum temperatures of catalysis. Itwill analyse and predict effects of mutations andidentify novel principles of enzyme engineering.