Advancing understanding of athletes' experiences of ADHD in sport

英国成年人中注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病率约为3-4%，(1)近年来成人ADHD的诊断率有所上升。(2)研究表明，ADHD在运动员中可能比一般人群更常见。此外，ADHD症状可能有助于提高运动表现（例如，在运动中“过度集中”的能力）。(3)国家健康与护理卓越研究所（NICE）推荐运动用于ADHD症状的管理。(4)运动对多动症患者的认知、行为和身体都有好处。(5)然而，一些ADHD症状可能会给参与运动带来挑战，如对批评敏感和难以遵循指示。(6)尽管运动和ADHD有共同的好处，但研究和建议忽视了ADHD运动员，并且没有明确告知他们。(7)证据和资源的缺乏意味着，关于如何在运动中支持ADHD患者的指导方针很少。体育运动有责任满足所有运动员的心理需求，并为他们提供一个安全的训练和比赛环境。这个混合方法的项目将系统地调查成年运动员的多动症，探索他们的运动经历，并为他们的心理健康和多动症寻求帮助。为了确保研究与其影响的人群保持相关性，公众和患者参与（PPI）将贯穿于已与准备该提案相关的利益相关者。这将包括已经参与该博士学位的合作者，他们是EIS（英国体育学院）和ECB（英格兰板球委员会）的代表。这个PPI小组将为定性研究提供具体的研究问题和访谈指南，并为研究结果的传播提供信息。本博士课程的目的是：1)回顾目前关于ADHD和运动员的学术文献2)了解ADHD的患病率和运动员的其他心理健康状况3)寻求理解ADHD运动员的运动经历4)了解利益相关者（如教练）对ADHD的理解5)提出如何改善ADHD患者的运动环境的建议鉴于缺乏证据和指南，本博士将有助于提高理解，减少耻耻感。改善ADHD运动员的运动环境。1.国家健康和护理卓越研究所。好了。2022[引自2023年1月12日]。注意缺陷多动障碍：有多普遍？可从：https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/background-information/prevalence/2.ADDitude。多动症症状暴露：大流行期间诊断激增。ADDitude: Inside the ADHD mind [Internet]。2022年7月25日[引自2023年1月12日]；来自：https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-symptoms-diagnosed-treated-in-pandemic/3.Ekman E, Hiltunen A, Gustafsson H.运动员比非运动员有更多的ADHD标准的认知特征吗？巴塞尔体育。2021年5月11日；9(5):61。4.国家健康和护理卓越研究所。好了。漂亮的;2019年[引自2023年1月13日]。注意缺陷多动障碍：诊断和管理。来源：https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87/chapter/Recommendations#managing-adhd5.Ng QX, Ho CYX, Chan hww, Yong BZJ, yewws。用运动治疗儿童和青少年注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）：一项系统综述。补体医学。2017年10月1日；34:123-8。6.高瑞琪。2019[引自2021年10月18日]。帮助患有多动症的孩子在运动中茁壮成长。引用本文：https://ptscoaching.com/2019/09/helping-kids-with-adhd-thrive-in-sports/7.Moesch K, Kenttä G, Kleinert J, quignonfleuret C, Cecil S, Bertollo M. FEPSAC立场声明：优秀运动员的心理健康障碍及其服务提供模式。心理运动学报，2018,38 (1):61-71

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in UK adults is approximately 3-4%, (1) with adult ADHD diagnosis rising in recent years. (2) Research suggests that ADHD could be more common in athletes than the general population. Furthermore, it is suggested suggests that ADHD symptoms may contribute to enhanced sport performance (e.g., the ability to "hyperfocus" in sport). (3)Exercise is recommended for the management of ADHD symptoms by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (4) There are cognitive, behavioural, and physical benefits of exercising for those with ADHD. (5) However, some ADHD symptoms may provide challenges for engaging in sport such as sensitivity to criticism and difficulty following instructions. (6)Despite the co-benefits of exercise and ADHD, research and recommendations have overlooked, and are not clearly informed by, athletes with ADHD. (7) This lack of evidence and resources means that few guidelines exist on how to support individuals with ADHD in sport. Sport has a responsibility to meet the psychological needs of all athletes and provide them with a safe environment to train and compete in.This mixed-methods project will systematically investigate ADHD in adult athletes and explore their experiences of sport and seeking help for their mental health and ADHD. To ensure that the research will hold relevance to those that it affects, public and patient involvement (PPI) will be embedded throughout with stakeholders already connected with in preparing this proposal. This will include the collaborators already involved in this PhD, who are representatives from the EIS (English Institute of Sport) and ECB (England Cricket Board). This PPI group will inform the specific research questions and the interview guide for the qualitative studies, and inform dissemination of the research findings. The aims of this PhD are to: 1) Review the current academic literature on ADHD and athletes'2) Understand the prevalence of ADHD and other mental health conditions in athletes' 3) Seek to understand ADHD athletes' experiences of sport4) Understand stakeholders (e.g., coaches) understanding of ADHD5) Develop recommendations on how to improve the sport for environment for those with ADHDGiven the lack of evidence and guidelines, this PhD will contribute to improving understanding, reducing stigma, and improving the sport environment for athletes with ADHD. 1.National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: How common is it? Available from: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/background-information/prevalence/2.ADDitude. ADHD symptoms exposed: diagnoses spike during pandemic. ADDitude: Inside the ADHD mind [Internet]. 2022 Jul 25 [cited 2023 Jan 12]; Available from: https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-symptoms-diagnosed-treated-in-pandemic/3.Ekman E, Hiltunen A, Gustafsson H. Do athletes have more of a cognitive profile with ADHD criteria than non-athletes? Sports Basel. 2021 May 11;9(5):61. 4.National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE. NICE; 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 13]. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87/chapter/Recommendations#managing-adhd5.Ng QX, Ho CYX, Chan HW, Yong BZJ, Yeo WS. Managing childhood and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with exercise: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2017 Oct 1;34:123-8. 6.Goldrich C. PTS Coaching. 2019 [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Helping kids with ADHD thrive in sports. Available from: https://ptscoaching.com/2019/09/helping-kids-with-adhd-thrive-in-sports/7.Moesch K, Kenttä G, Kleinert J, Quignon-Fleuret C, Cecil S, Bertollo M. FEPSAC position statement: Mental health disorders in elite athletes and models of service provision Psychol Sport Exerc 2018 Sep1 38:61-71