Osseointegration of graphene coated implants

骨结合(OI)是将金属种植体直接固定在骨中，使假体与骨骼相连。这在口腔和颅面外科比矫形外科研究得更好。金属与宿主骨结合的成功过程需要宿主骨、金属种植体和骨-种植体界面之间的协同作用。通过新生骨桥接骨和种植体之间的缝隙，取决于种植体的表面涂层。金属和金属合金主要用于制造OI植入物，因为它们的强度和韧性。羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层在促进种植体骨向内生长方面优于钛合金涂层。然而，随着时间的推移，髓内植入物的松动仍然是髓内骨折固定和非骨水泥关节成形术的一个问题，特别是对于骨质疏松的骨。此外，HA不是常规用于OI的，因为HA产生的高度亲骨的表面可以导致更坚固的骨-HA层，随着时间的推移，这一层与钛表面分离。氧化石墨烯(GO)和还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)因其在种植学中的OI电位而被研究。在Li等人最近的一项动物模型研究中，与未涂覆的植入物相比，将石墨烯涂层的钛合金支架植入骨中显示出更高的成骨率和新生骨组织的体积生长。我们认为，与传统的表面涂层相比，GO在骨科植入物上的细胞附着、增殖和分化方面可能是一种更好的基质。

Osseointegration (OI) is the direct anchorage of a metal implant into bone, allowing for the connection of a prosthesis to the skeleton. This is better researched in oral and craniofacial surgery than orthopaedic surgery. The successful process of metal integration into host bone demands synergy between the host bone, the metal implant, and the bone-implant interface. Bridging of gaps between the bone and implant by nascent bone, is dependent on the surface coating of the implant. Metals and metal alloys are primarily used to manufacture OI implants due to their strength and toughness. Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have been shown to be superior to titanium alloy coating for stimulating implant bone ingrowth from the native bone. However, loosening of intramedullary implants over time remains a problem for both intramedullary fracture fixation and cementless arthroplasty particularly with osteoporotic bone. Also, HA is not routinely used for OI because the highly osteophilic surface created by HA can result in a stronger bone-HA layer and this layer separates from the titanium surface over time. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been investigated for its OI potential in implantology. In a recent animal model study by Li et al, implantation of a graphene coated titanium alloy scaffold in bone demonstrated an improved osteogenic rate and volumetric growth of new bone tissue compared to the uncoated implant. We believe that GO may be a far superior substrate for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation on orthopaedic implants than conventional surface coatings.