The combined impacts of climate change induced environmental variation (salinity and temperature) and pollutant mixtures on stress response in a typi

河口是高度动态的生态系统，位于陆地和水生生态系统之间的独特位置，被间歇性或永久性浅水层覆盖，表现出极高的生物多样性和生产力，并提供重要的栖息地和基本的生态系统服务，并被强调为迫切需要在联合国可持续发展目标中保护。河口可以作为污染物的汇和二次污染源。淤泥/粘土颗粒的高吸附潜力有助于富集沉积河口环境中的持久性污染物。河口地区的双壳类生物种类繁多，具有重要的生态功能，如过滤和营养循环等。双壳类具有重要的经济价值，被广泛认为是环境健康的敏感指标。此外，它们对污染物的生物模拟能力使它们成为进入人类食物链的重要途径。尽管人们认识到与气候相关的环境变化有可能影响水生环境中的污染物，但对与气候变化相关的环境驱动因素对生物群影响的实证研究主要限于单一污染物暴露实验，在多压力源情景下，关于复杂混合物的数据很少。在以前的温带气候区，降雨模式和季节性极端温度的变化会影响当地沿海和河口地区的盐度状况。由于稀释和蒸发事件，盐度波动对水生生物施加离子压力。虽然广盐性物种可能能够更好地科普盐度波动的情况，但相关的压力也可能使生物体对化学污染物更加敏感，特别是如果盐度波动影响生物利用率的话。此外，2014年IPCC报告显示，自1971年以来，世界大多数海岸线的平均海面温度一直以每十年0.11摄氏度的平均速度上升，预计将继续上升。此外，频率和强度不断增加的局部热浪正在增加海洋生物的压力，再加上盐度波动，可能使物种更容易受到污染物的影响。在海洋和河口环境中，贻贝是一种典型的双壳类动物，广泛用作生态毒理学研究和环境监测的模式生物。贻贝科在欧洲的分布范围从温暖的地中海贻贝M。从南欧的galloprovincialis到冷水蓝贻贝M. edulis延伸到北方欧洲，在比斯开湾到苏格兰北方有一个重叠和潜在的杂交区。然而，由于气候相关因素、栖息地丧失、过度开发和污染物暴露，贻贝的野生种群正在下降。广盐性贻贝是一种兼性广盐性贝类，在盐度波动过程中会产生大量的能量消耗，从而导致氧化应激。本研究的主要目的是：1）在无污染物的条件下，定量分析贻贝在盐度和温度变化的实验环境条件下的生理应激水平; 2）研究盐度和温度变化对污染物生物有效性的影响; 3）研究在多胁迫条件下，盐度和温度变化对污染物混合物对贻贝的生态毒理学效应。

Estuaries are highly dynamic ecosystems occupying unique locations between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, covered by intermittent or permanent shallow e water layers and exhibit exceptionally high biodiversity, productivity, and provide important habitats and essential ecosystem services, and are highlighted as being in urgent need of protection within UNSDGs. Estuaries can act as both sinks and secondary sources of pollutants. The high absorption potential of silt/clay particles contribute to the enrichment sedimentary estuarine environments with often persistent pollutants. Many species of bivalves occur in estuaries play important ecological roles, such as filtration and nutrient cycling. Bivalves have significant economic importance and are widely regarded as sensitive indicators of environmental health. In addition, their ability to bioaccummulate contaminants makes them important entry routes into the human food chain.Despite the realisation that climate-related environmental change has the potential to impact contaminants in aquatic environments, empirical investigations into the effects of climate change related environmental drivers of pollutant impacts on biota are limited largely to single pollutant exposure experiments, with very few data available on complex mixtures in multi-stressor scenarios. Changes in rainfall patterns and seasonal temperature extremes in previously temperate climate zones are known to affect the salinity regimes in local coastal and estuarine environmenty. Salinity fluctuations, as a result of dilution and evaporation events, impose ionic stress on aquatic organisms. Whilst euryhaline species may be able to cope better under fluctuating salinity regimes, the associated stress is also likely to make organisms more sensitive to chemical pollutants, particularly if the salinity fluctuations influence bioavailability. In addition, 2014 IPCC report shows that the average sea surface temperature has been increasing at an average rate of 0.11 C per decade at most of the world's coastlines since 1971 and is predicted to continue. Furthermore, local heatwaves, increasing in frequency and intensity, are adding to stress in marine organisms and, in combination with salinity fluctuations are likely to make species more susceptible to contaminant exposure. In the marine and estuarine environment, the blue mussel, Mytilus sp, is a well characterised bivalve genus widely used as a model organism in ecotoxicological research and environmental monitoring. Mytilid distribution across Europe ranges from the warm water Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis in Southern Europe to the cold water blue mussel M. edulis extending to Northern Europe, with an overlap and potential hybridization zone in the Bay of Biscay to northern Scotland. However, wild populations of Mytilus sp are declining through a combination of climate-related factors, habitat loss, over exploitation and pollutant exposure. Euryhaline marine mussels face significant osmotic challenges during salinity fluctuationsMytilus sp, a facultative euryhaline osmoconformer, applies energy consumptive aerobic physiological processes leading to oxidative stress. These increased stress levels are likely to make mussels more susceptible to contaminant exposure.The objectives are:1) To quantify baseline physiological stress levels in mussels under experimental fluctuating environmental conditions (salinity and temperature) without pollutant challenge.2) To investigate the effects of salinity and temperature fluctuations on the bioavailability of contaminants to mussels.3) Investigate the ecotoxicological effects of pollutant mixtures on mussels under the influence of salinity fluctuations and temperature regimes in a multi-stressor context.