Cathedrals and the British Churches, 1538-1670

对16世纪30年代至17世纪70年代英国教会的研究强调了新教教会保留中世纪天主教教会治理的重要元素，特别是主教，教区和大教堂的明显异常。欧洲大陆的新教教会倾向于在宗教改革中废除这三种宗教，事实上，在17世纪中期的英国革命中，英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的新教教会都被废除了;但在1660年的复辟中，这三种宗教都被恢复了。主教一直是相当关注的主题，但教区被忽视，主教座堂只在有限的方式研究（单独作为孤立的机构，在其行政和司法职能，并在其声称未能找到一个新的功能，在新教教会）。自始至终，重点都放在惯性和偶然因素上。相比之下，我的研究旨在探索大教堂是如何经历的，以及它们如何在更广泛的教会中找到角色。通过分析大教堂档案，文件的高级教士，当代布道和小册子，我研究的论点提出了在辩护的大教堂作为机构在一个新教教会，以及如何找到一个功能的大教堂强调他们的角色作为说教中心，他们的教育，社会和经济的重要性，发展有序的礼仪和音乐，主教座堂作为教区“母堂”的重要性，指导其子堂的神学和崇拜。这种为大教堂辩护的发展是针对大教堂作为罗马天主教重新引入英国的潜在特洛伊木马的经常严厉的攻击。17世纪30年代的英格兰见证了教会政策中新的高级教会方向，强烈强调秩序，一致性和崇拜的美丽。这一政策被证明是高度分裂的，被许多新教徒视为试图扭转宗教改革，使英国回到罗马。大教堂是这一政策的中心战场，被视为理想的类型，规定了教区教堂的结构和礼拜应该如何安排。我的作品展示了一座大教堂是如何在其所在城市和教区产生关键的宗教影响力的，并从宗教角度解释了城市法人、院长和分会之间的许多冲突，而不像以前的作品那样，在这些频繁的争吵中强调管辖权和空间问题。因此，重要的是要看到大教堂在导致英国内战的宗教和政治分歧中发挥着重要作用。17世纪40年代和50年代爆发的反对大教堂的圣像破坏浪潮（大教堂通常比其他建筑遭受的损失要严重得多）被重新审视，不仅将目光投向英格兰以外的苏格兰和爱尔兰大教堂，而且还将对大教堂的攻击与一些捍卫大教堂的尝试放在一起。随着17世纪30年代和40年代三个王国的主教制和大教堂的废除，大教堂开始被看作是痛苦的象征，被取缔的英格兰教会，直到1660年恢复大教堂和主教。只有通过研究大教堂的防御（而不仅仅是对它们的攻击），才能正确理解教会的恢复。我对近代早期教区的研究是我研究的最后一部分。我将研究主教座堂在教区内的影响，并通过对1559年至1667年之间的一个教区伊利的案例研究，分析这一时期人们对教区的理解和经历，以及它在多大程度上不仅仅是一个教会行政单位。

Studies of the British churches between the 1530s and 1670s have highlighted the apparent anomalies of a Protestant church retaining significant elements of the governance of the medieval Catholic church, particularly bishops, dioceses and cathedrals. Continental Protestant churches tended to do away with all three at the Reformation, and they were in fact were abolished in England, Scotland and Ireland during the British revolution of the mid seventeenth century; but all returned at the Restoration in 1660. Bishops have been the subject of considerable attention, but dioceses have been overlooked and cathedrals only studied in limited ways (individually as isolated institutions, in terms of their administrative and jurisdictional functions, and in terms of their alleged failure to find a new function in a Protestant church). Throughout, the emphasis has been on inertia and accidental factors. By contrast, my research aims to explore how cathedrals were experienced and how they found roles within the wider church. Through analysis of cathedral archives, the papers of senior churchmen, and contemporary sermons and tracts, I examine the arguments put forward in defence of cathedrals as institutions in a Protestant church and how a function was found for cathedrals stressing their roles as preaching centres, their educational, social and economic importance, the development of an ordered liturgy and music, the importance of a cathedral as the 'mother church' of the diocese, guiding the theology and worship of its daughter parish churches. The development of this apology for cathedrals is set against the often scathing attack on cathedrals as potential Trojan horses for the re-introduction of Roman Catholicism into Britain.England in the 1630s witnessed a new high-church direction in church policy, with a strong emphasis on order, conformity and beauty in worship. This policy proved highly divisive and was seen by many Protestants as an attempt to reverse the Reformation and return Britain back to Rome. Cathedrals were central battlegrounds in this policy, seen as ideal types, setting out how the fabric and worship of parish churches should be ordered. My work shows how a cathedral had a key religious influence in its host city and diocese and explains much of the conflict between city corporations and deans and chapters in religious terms, unlike previous work which has stressed issues of jurisdiction and space in these frequent quarrels.It is important, therefore, to see cathedrals as having an important role in the religious and political divisions that led to the civil wars in Britain. The wave of iconoclasm unleashed against cathedrals in the 1640s and 1650s (cathedrals generally suffered far worse than other buildings) is re-examined, not only by looking beyond England to Scottish and Irish cathedrals, but also by setting the attack on cathedrals alongside a number of attempts to defend cathedrals. With the abolition of both episcopacy and cathedrals in all three kingdoms in the 1630s and 1640s, cathedrals came to be seen symbolically, as images of the suffering, outlawed, church of England, until the restoration of cathedrals and bishops in 1660. Only by examining the defence of cathedrals (and not just the attack on them), can the restoration of the church be properly understood.My work on the diocese in the early modern period is a final strand of my research. I will look at the influence of the cathedral within the diocese, and, through the case study of one diocese, Ely, between 1559 and 1667, I analyse how the diocese was understood and experienced in this period, and the extent to which it formed more than a mere unit of ecclesiastical administration.