Prenatal Drug Exposure: Effects on Adolescent Brain and Behavioral Development

他的申请扩大了之前在低收入城市非裔美国人中资助的调查 儿童通过纵向跟踪进入青春期。试验组(高暴露或低暴露) 产前接触过可卡因，在分娩时进行了毒理测试。另一组为 由来自同一社区的未暴露的匹配儿童样本组成。此翻译 应用程序分为两个阶段。第一阶段研究胎儿期物质暴露与 青春期的近端脑功能，通过注意力的神经心理测量进行评估， 记忆和执行功能；工作记忆和对风险和反应的神经关联 通过功能磁共振成像测量奖赏评估；唾液皮质醇的昼夜节律。因为产前物质 暴露往往发生在环境挑战的背景下(贫穷、持续使用毒品和 护理中断)，应用程序将检查产前接触物质的影响是否 受环境因素的影响。在第二阶段，应用程序将检查产前 物质暴露通过学习成绩、社会情绪与青少年的远端功能有关 发展、早期吸毒(大麻)。对急性挑战的反应，通过唾液皮质醇来衡量， 将被用来了解青少年适应环境压力的能力，最终他们的 对早期药物使用的适应力或脆弱性。该应用程序将检查来自 产前暴露于远端行为的物质是直接或通过近端大脑功能调节的。使用 以发展生态学理论为指导，采取多方法、多信息者战略，整合 来自青少年、照顾者和教师的报告；神经心理的标准化测量， 学业和社交情绪表现；大脑成像；以及压力反应的生物标记物(唾液 皮质醇)和吸毒(头发和尿液)。 这个应用程序检查了以下人群的心智状况、社会情绪功能和药物使用情况 产前接触可卡因和/或海洛因的青少年

his application extends a previously funded investigation among low-income, urban African American children through longitudinal follow-up into adolescence. The Experimental Group (High or Low Exposure) was prenatally exposed to cocaine, documented by toxicology tests at delivery. A comparison group was comprised of an unexposed matched sample of children from the same community. This translational application has two phases. The first phase examines how prenatal substance exposure is related to proximal brain functioning during adolescence, assessed through neuropsychological measures of attention, memory, and executive functioning; the neural correlates of working memory and response to risk and reward evaluation measured by fMRI; and diurnal rhythms of salivary cortisol. Because prenatal substance exposure often occurs in the context of environmental challenges (poverty, ongoing drug use, and disruptions in care), the application will examine whether the effects of prenatal substance exposure are moderated by environmental factors. In the second phase, the application will examine how prenatal substance exposure is related to adolescents' distal functioning via academic performance, socio-emotional development, and early drug use (marijuana). Response to acute challenges, measured by salivary cortisol, will be used to understand the adolescents' ability to adapt to environmental pressures and ultimately their resilience or vulnerability to early drug use. The application will examine whether the relationship from prenatal substance exposure to distal behavior is direct or mediated through proximal brain functioning. With developmental-ecological theory as a guide, a multi-method, multi-informant strategy is used, incorporating reports from adolescents, caregivers, and teachers; standardized measures of neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional performance; brain imaging; and biomarkers of the stress response (salivary cortisol) and drug use (hair and urine). This application examines adacemic performance, socio-emotional functioning, and drug use among adolescents exposed to cocaine and/or heroin prenatally