Targeted Peer Victimization and the Development of Negative Self-schemas in Youth

本研究旨在探讨不良人际经历对情绪激活的负性自我图式建构的影响。我们的理论是，这些事件构成了消极情绪和消极自我相关信息成对关联的学习试验。一旦建立起来，这些联系就会使未来的事件，让人想起生成经验，引起不成比例的和不适应的反应。我们特别关注的是持续的有针对性的同伴伤害与消极自我认知发展的关系，消极自我认知反过来又作为问题情绪行为结果（如抑郁症）的一种素质。以学校为基础的筛查将确定两组儿童：那些长期受到同伴伤害的儿童和那些没有受到伤害的儿童（N = 192）。基于实验室的认知/信息处理评估将为受害史与情绪依赖性消极自我图式形式和功能的多重迹象之间的关系提供证据，包括对消极自我相关信息的选择性注意、记忆和组织。这些措施有望调解同伴受害与问题情绪行为结果之间的关系。额外的分析将检查信息处理变量对单一因素的趋同，反映潜在的消极自我图式过程或结构的影响。严厉/批评的养育方式预计会加剧这些影响，而温暖/支持的养育方式和同伴社会接受预计会减轻这些影响。还将研究性别和种族的调节作用。在最有害的受害类型中，性别差异是意料之中的。在控制了少数民族地位之后，预计不会出现种族差异。项目的总体目的和目标与1 R01 HD059891-01A1保持相同。唯一的变化是消除一波实验室数据收集。我们将同时提交一份新的R01，以纵向延长提议的2年项目，并增加脑成像组件。

The overall purpose of the proposed research is to examine the influence of adverse interpersonal experiences on the construction of mood-activated negative self -schemas. Our theory is that such events constitute learning trials for the paired association of negative affect and negative self-relevant information. Once established, these associations enable future events, reminiscent of the generative experiences, to evoke a disproportionate and maladaptive response. Our specific focus is on the relation of persistent targeted peer victimization to the development of negative self-cognitions, which in turn serve as a diathesis for problematic emotional-behavior outcomes such as depression. School-based screenings will identify two groups of children: those who have been chronically victimized by peers and those who have not (N = 192). Lab-based cognitive/information-processing assessments will provide evidence about the relation of victimization history to multiple signs of mood-dependent negative self-schema form and function, including selective attention to, memory for, and organization of negative self-relevant information. These measures are expected to mediate the relation between peer victimization and problematic emotional-behavioral outcomes. Additional analyses will examine the convergence of the information-processing variables onto a single factor, reflecting the effects of an underlying negative self-schema process or construct. Harsh/critical parenting is expected to exacerbate these effects, whereas warm/supportive parenting and peer social acceptance are expected to mitigate these effects. Moderating effects of gender and race will also be examined. Gender differences are expected in the type of victimization that is most harmful. After controlling for minority status, racial differences are not expected. The overall purpose and goals of the project remain the same as they were in 1 R01 HD059891-01A1. The only change is to eliminate one wave of the laboratory data collection. We will simultaneously be submitting a new R01 to extend the proposed 2-year project longitudinally and to add a brain imaging component.