Effects of early life exposure to particulates on respiratory health through childhood and adolescence: ALSPAC

哮喘和喘息性疾病是影响儿童生活质量、使用初级保健、消耗处方药和住院的主要原因。越来越多的证据表明，空气污染物可能在引起哮喘和相关疾病（如儿童喘息）以及一旦发生就会加剧这些疾病方面都很重要。还有证据表明，在生命早期，包括胎儿出生前，暴露于空气污染物可能很重要。我们的目的是调查在产前和婴儿早期暴露于细颗粒物空气污染（PM2.5）对儿童过敏，呼吸道症状，医生诊断的哮喘和肺功能的长期影响。这项研究利用了雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究（ALSPAC）的丰富现有信息，这是世界上最大和最具特色的出生队列研究之一。可获得产前阶段的数据，并详细测量和收集从儿童期到15岁以上的健康数据。我们将补充这些数据，估计暴露于PM2.5在居住地在肺发育的关键时期，从胎儿期到生命的第一年结束。这些接触将反映当地来源（主要是与交通有关的污染）和污染物的长途运输。将对这些接触进行详细建模，并在研究区域进行监测，以帮助验证所获得的估计数。然后，将考虑居住地点和学校（如相关），对PM2.5的每日暴露量进行估计。将分析暴露于PM2.5和健康结果之间的关联，同时考虑可能混淆这种关联的其他变量，包括个人社会经济变量，生活方式和个人特征，以及其他环境变量，如环境烟草烟雾和环境温度。研究结果将为空气污染物监管政策提供信息，以保护公众健康。

Asthma and wheezing illness are major causes of impaired quality of life, use of primary care, consumption of prescribed drugs and hospital admission in children. There is increasing evidence that air pollutants may be important in both causing asthma and related conditions such as childhood wheeze, as well as exacerbating these conditions once they have occurred. There is also evidence that exposures to air pollutants in early life, including of the fetus before birth, may be important. We aim to investigate the long-term effects of exposure to fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in the prenatal period and early infancy on allergy, respiratory symptoms, doctor-diagnosed asthma and lung function of children through to adolescence. The research takes advantage of the wealth of existing information from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), one of the largest and best characterised birth cohort studies in the world. Data are available from the antenatal period, with detailed measurement and capture of health data through childhood to age 15+ years. We will supplement these data with estimated exposures to PM2.5 at place of residence during the critical period of lung development from the fetal period until the end of the first year of life. These exposures will reflect both local sources (mainly traffic-related pollution) and long-distance transport of pollutants. Detailed modelling of these exposures will be carried out, together with monitoring in the study area in order to help validate the estimates obtained. Daily estimates of exposure to PM2.5 will then be made, taking account of place of residence and (where relevant) school. Associations between exposures to PM2.5 and the health outcomes will be analysed taking account of other variables that might confound this association including individual socio-economic variables, lifestyle and personal characteristics, as well as other environmental variables such as environmental tobacco smoke and ambient temperature. Results of the research will inform policy on regulation of air pollutants for the protection of public health.