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HADEEP / Life at extreme depth; Fishes and scavenging fauna of the Abyssal to Hadal boundary.

HADEEP / 极端深度的生命；

基本信息

批准号：
NE/E007171/1
负责人：
Imants Priede
金额：
$ 52.05万
依托单位：
University of Aberdeen
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FE007171%2F1
关键词：
HADEEP Life extreme depth Fishes

项目摘要

A team from the University of Aberdeen Oceanlab will join forces with the University of Tokyo, Japan and University of Tuebingen, Germany to undertake the first directed study on the distribution and behaviour of the deepest-living fishes in the world. Two unmanned autonomous lander vehicles will be built in Aberdeen; one equipped with a video camera and a second with a high resolution digital stills camera. They will be launched to depths of 5km to over 10km around the Mariana, Tonga and Kermadec trenches in the North and South Pacific Ocean from Japanese and German ships in 2007 and 2008. At the surface these ocean areas have clear blue water with low productivity and there is likely to be very little natural fall-out of food to the sea floor in the form of detritus and dead carcasses upon which the deep-sea animals living kilometres below are entirely dependent. Baits will be deployed on the sea floor in view of the lander cameras to mimic natural packets of food arriving from the surface and recordings will be made of fish, deep-sea shrimps and any other animals attracted into the observational area. The landers, equipped with depth sensors will provide accurate information on the depth of occurrence of different species, information that was difficult to obtain with equipment used to capture dead specimens that are found in different museums around the world. There is a chance that the team may capture the first living images of the world's deepest fish Abyssobrotula galatheae thought to occur down to 8370m. The deep sea is divided into three main depth zones, Bathyal down to 3000m, Abyssal between 3000 and 6000m and Hadal depths greater than 6000m. On the sea floor sharks are mainly limited to depths less than 3000m around the edges of the oceans, islands, sea mounts and on mid-ocean ridges. The abyssal zone accounts for 75% of ocean area and is populated by a surprising variety of life including active scavenging bony fishes such as grenadiers, cusk-eels, snail fishes and abyssal eels which have been filmed consuming fish and marine mammal carcasses at depths down to 5900m. It is not known what defines the boundary between the relatively rich life of the abyss and evidently sparse life of the hadal zone. The Hadal zone is mainly confined to trenches around the margins of the Pacific Ocean extending down to the deepest point on the planet, the Challenger Deep 10,896m in the Mariana trench. Two main explanations are likely: Firstly with increasing depth, food supply from the surface becomes sparser and a point is reached where there is insufficient energy to support active forms of life. Secondly pressure increases with depth and most animals have a maximum lethal pressure at which nerves, muscles and vital processes cease to function. Deep-sea animals have special adaptations to allow function at high pressures but there may be limits beyond which such adaptations are no longer possible. This project will not answer these questions directly but will make comparisons with information from shallower depths. If fish thrive down to 6000m with a constant cut-off at the start of the hadal region this would suggest a physiological pressure limit. However if the abyssal species peter out at different distances from the hadal boundary in different areas this may suggest limitation by local food availability. The time of arrival of animals at baits, their sizes, speeds, numbers and rate of consumption of bait will be measured. Comparisons will be made between species living at different depths. In particular fishes, which apparently do not penetrate the deepest parts of the trench systems, will be compared with amphipod shrimps that occur down to full ocean depth. Analysis will allow derivation of the first estimates of abundance and biomass of mobile life at these depths. This study will extend the depth range over which proposed fundamental laws of life in the deep sea can be tested.

阿伯丁大学海洋实验室的一个小组将与日本东京大学和德国图宾根大学合作，对世界上最深鱼类的分布和行为进行首次定向研究。两个无人驾驶的自主着陆器将在阿伯丁建造;一个配备摄像机，另一个配备高分辨率数码相机。它们将于2007年和2008年从日本和德国的船只上发射到北太平洋和南太平洋马里亚纳、汤加和Kermadec海沟周围5公里至10公里以上的深度。在海面上，这些海洋区域有着清澈的蓝色海水，生产力低，而且很可能很少有食物以碎屑和尸体的形式自然落在海底，而生活在几公里以下的深海动物完全依赖这些食物。诱饵将被部署在海底，以模拟从表面到达的自然食物包，并记录鱼类，深海虾和任何其他被吸引到观测区的动物。配备深度传感器的着陆器将提供有关不同物种出现深度的准确信息，这些信息很难通过用于捕获在世界各地不同博物馆中发现的死亡标本的设备获得。该团队有可能捕捉到世界上最深的鱼类的第一张活照片，这种鱼被认为存在于8370米以下。深海分为三个主要深度区：深海至3 000米，深海3 000至6 000米，超深海6 000米。在海底，鲨鱼主要生活在海洋边缘、岛屿、海山和大洋中脊周围不到3 000米的深度。深海区占海洋面积的75%，生活着各种各样令人惊讶的生物，包括活跃的食腐硬骨鱼，如鱼，鳗鱼，蜗牛鱼和深海鳗鱼，它们被拍摄到在5900米深处食用鱼类和海洋哺乳动物尸体。目前还不知道是什么定义了深渊中相对丰富的生命和深渊带中明显稀疏的生命之间的界限。Hadal区主要局限于太平洋边缘的海沟，一直延伸到地球上最深的地方，马里亚纳海沟的挑战者深10，896米。两个主要的解释是可能的：第一，随着深度的增加，来自表面的食物供应变得稀疏，达到一个点，那里没有足够的能量来支持活跃的生命形式。第二，压力随深度增加而增加，大多数动物都有一个最大的致命压力，在这个压力下，神经、肌肉和生命过程停止运作。深海动物有特殊的适应能力，可以在高压下发挥作用，但可能有一些限制，超过这些限制，这种适应就不再可能。该项目不会直接回答这些问题，但将与较浅深度的信息进行比较。如果鱼类在6000米以下的深海区开始处有一个恒定的截止点，这将表明一个生理压力极限。然而，如果深海物种在不同地区离超深渊边界的距离不同，这可能意味着当地食物供应的限制。动物到达诱饵的时间，它们的大小，速度，数量和诱饵的消耗率将被测量。将对生活在不同深度的物种进行比较。特别是鱼类，显然不穿透海沟系统的最深处，将与出现在整个海洋深度的片足类虾进行比较。通过分析，可以得出这些深度移动的生物丰度和生物量的初步估计数。这项研究将扩大深海生物基本定律的试验深度。